201 7 东北地区慈善发展研究报告 2017 Northeast China Charity Development Report

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                  辽宁省爱梦成真青年发展基金会 Liaoning Province dream of dreaming youth development foundation

                    201 7 9 18 September 18, 2017

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

目录 table of Contents

第一部分 first part 东北地区慈善事业概述 Philanthropy in Northeast China

一、近代东北地区慈善事业的发展 First, the development of charity in northeast China in modern times

(一)背景和历史渊源 (A) background and historical origin

(二)近代东北慈善事业进程 (B) the process of modern Northeast charity

(三)近代东北慈善事业的特点及评价 (C) the characteristics and evaluation of modern Northeast charity

二、当代东北地区慈善事业的发展 Second, the contemporary development of charity in northeast China

(一)法律法规不断完善 (A) laws and regulations continue to improve

(二)慈善机构不断增加,布局日驱合理 (B) of the charities continue to increase, rational layout of the day drive

(三)慈善救助力量不断壮大 (C) charity aid has grown

三、东北地区慈善事业发展小结 Third, the development of charity in Northeast Summary

第二部分 the second part 传统慈善活动 Traditional charity activities

一、公益慈善组织 First, charity organizations

(一)公益慈善组织数量 (A) the number of charities

(二)公益慈善组织服务领域 (B) charity organizations service areas

二、辽宁省慈善情况简介 Second, Liaoning Province, charity briefing

(一)辽宁省慈善款项综述 (A) Review of Philanthropic Funds in Liaoning Province

(二)辽宁省慈善工作总结 (II) Summary of charity work in Liaoning Province

(三)辽宁省 2016 年检合格基金会名称汇总 (III) Summary of Liaoning Province Qualification Examination Fund in 2016

三、黑龙江省慈善情况介绍 Third, charity situation in Heilongjiang Province

(一)黑龙江省慈善团体 (A) Heilongjiang Province charity

(二)黑龙江省慈善工作 (Two) charity work in Heilongjiang Province

(三)黑龙江代表慈善项目总结 (C) Heilongjiang representatives charity project summary

(四)慈善活动代表市介绍 (D) charity activities on behalf of the city

四、吉林省慈善情况介绍 Four, charity situation in Jilin Province

(一)吉林省基金会情况介绍 (A) Jilin Province Foundation Presentation

(二) 2017 年吉林省慈善项目介绍 (B) 2017 Jilin charity project introduction

(三)基金会收人情况 (C) Foundation income

(四)基金会信息公开情况 (D) the information disclosure of the Foundation

五、内蒙古自治区慈善情况介绍 V. Introduction of Charity in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

(一) 内蒙古基金会汇总 (A) Inner Mongolia Foundation summary

(二)内蒙古慈善项目汇总 (B) Inner Mongolia charity project summary

第三部分 the third part 慈善创新 Charity innovation

一、慈善 + 互联网——以互联网技术为支撑的人人公益 First, charity + Internet - Internet technology for everyone's charity

(一)“慈善 + 互联网”发展概述 (A) "charity + Internet" development overview

(二)公众参与互联网慈善情况——互联网公益观 (II) Public Participation in Internet Philanthropy - Internet Public Opinion

(三)公益组织互联网应用能力分析 (C) nonprofit organizations Internet application capabilities

(四)腾讯公益在东北地区开展的公益活动 (D) Tencent public welfare activities in the northeast region

(五)“慈善 + 互联网”在东北地区典型案例 (E) "charity + Internet" in the typical case of the Northeast

二、慈善 + 信托——慈善事业与财富管理的跨界融合 Second, charity + trust - cross-border integration of charity and wealth management

(一)慈善信托概述 (A) overview of charitable trusts

(二)慈善信托实践情况 (B) the practice of charitable trusts

(三)东北地区慈善信托发展亟需解决的问题 (C) the development of charitable trusts in Northeast China need to be addressed

三、慈善 + 创投——慈善事业与金融投资的跨界融合 Third, charity + venture capital - cross-border integration of philanthropy and financial investment

(一)公益创投概述 (A) public venture venture Overview

(二)公益创投发展历程 (B) venture venture development process

(三)东北地区公益创投典型案例 (C) typical case of venture capital in Northeast China

第四部分 fourth part 东北地区企业慈善现状分析 Analysis of the Status Quo of Business Philanthropy in Northeast China

一、东北地区企业慈善概况 First, the general situation of business in Northeast China

(一)企业慈善面临的背景 (A) the background of corporate charity

(二)东北地区上市公司概况 (B) overview of listed companies in Northeast China

二、东北地区上市公司 CSR 报告披露慈善公益情况分析 Second, the Northeast listed companies CSR report disclosure charity situation analysis

(一)基于所有制差异的慈善行为分析 (A) analysis of charitable behavior based on the difference of ownership

(二)基于行业差异的慈善行为分析 (B) analysis of charitable behavior based on industry differences

(三)基于区域差异的慈善行为分析 (C) Analysis of charitable behavior based on regional differences

三、总结 Third, the summary

第五部分 the fifth part   东北地区慈善发展展望 Prospects for Charity Development in Northeast China

一、《慈善法》全面实施将推动东北地区各部门创制配套措施 First, the full implementation of the Charity Law will promote the establishment of supporting measures in various departments in the Northeast

二、社会组织数量将持续稳步增长 Second, the number of social organizations will continue to grow steadily

三、慈善信托模式将在探索中增加 Third, charitable trust mode will increase in the exploration

四、技术金融社会创新呈现加快融合态势 Fourth, technological and financial social innovation is accelerating the integration trend

五、慈善文化建设将成为着力点 Five, charity culture will become the focus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

第一部分 first part 东北地区慈善事业概述 Philanthropy in Northeast China

按照现代慈善的定义, 是指长辈对晚辈的爱 是指人与人之间的友爱 和互助。 According to the definition of modern philanthropy, " mercy " refers to the elder's love for younger generations, and " goodness " refers to the friendship and mutual assistance between people . 慈善事业是人们在没有外压力的情况下自愿地奉献爱心与援助的行为和从事扶弱济贫的一种社会事业。 Philanthropy is a kind of social undertaking by which people volunteer their love and assistance without external pressure and engaged in helping the poor and the poor. 在相当长的历史时期,由于我国社会需要解决温饱问题,只能将慈善定义为解决贫困问题,因而只能是国家救助政策的补充。 In quite a long historical period, because China needs to solve the problem of adequate food and clothing, it can only define charity as a solution to the problem of poverty and thus can only supplement the state aid policy. 《中华人民共和国慈善法》 Charity Law of the People's Republic of China [1] (下称《慈善法》)作为我国第一部慈善法,将慈善定义为:自然人、法人和其他组织以捐赠财产或者提供服务等方式,自愿开展的扶贫济困、救孤助残、救助自然灾害等突发事件造成的损害、促进文化体育事业发展及防治污染和其他公害,保护和改善生态环 境公益活动。 [1] As the first charity law in our country, Charity Law defines charity as voluntary assistance for the poor, the poor and the handicapped by natural persons, legal persons and other organizations in the form of donating property or providing services. damage to natural disasters and other emergency relief caused by the promotion of culture and sports development and preventing and controlling pollution and other public hazards, protect and improve the ecological environment charity. 相较于传统的观念,《慈善法》首次将慈善定义为大慈善 将慈善的范围扩大到教育、医疗、文化、体育、环保和社会服务等领域,慈善事业就自然和社会发展与提升有机地结合了起来。 Compared to the traditional concept of "charity law" for the first time the charity is defined as a large charity, the charity to expand the scope of education, health care, culture, sports, environmental protection and social services, philanthropy and social development and to enhance the natural organic In combination. 人们投入慈善事业,完全可以举办多个方面的公共事业。 People into charity, can hold many aspects of public utilities. 这既为社会公益事业的发展开创了广阔的发展空间,也会激发社会大众将善行善举与社区发展、生活提升结合起来,使社会事业成为社会大众自身积极参与的事业,是一次巨大的慈善理念和公共伦理的升华。 This not only opens up a broad space for development for the development of public welfare undertakings but also stimulates the public to combine good deeds and good behavior with community development and living standards so that social undertakings will become the cause of active participation of the general public. This is a great philanthropic concept And the sublimation of public ethics.

慈善作为对市场调节和政府救助的重要补充,对健全社会保障体系、 促进城乡及地区间和谐发展有着重大的意义。 Charity, as an important complement to market regulation and government aid, is of great significance to improving the social security system and promoting the harmonious development between urban and rural areas. 当前我国经济社会面临一系 列前所未有的挑战,经济下行压力增大、中高速增长成为当前一段时期的“新常态”, 同时 产业结构面临快速转型、社会利益格局剧烈变化、城乡区域差距不断扩大、经济政治体制改革进入深水区,在此背景下慈善调和社会矛盾的的作用进一步凸显。 China's current economic and social facing a series of unprecedented challenges, economic downward pressure, the rapid growth of a "new normal" of the current period, while Chanyejiegou facing rapid transition, dramatic changes in the pattern of social interests, the gap between urban area continues to expand, Economic and political reform into the deep water area, in which context the role of charity to reconcile social conflicts further highlights.

东北地区(包括黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省和内蒙古自治区 Northeast China (including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region [2] ),拥有中国最大的老工业基地、国家商品粮基地、和全国最大的畜牧业基地,区域面积将近全国的 1/6 作为我国较早发展起慈善事业的地区,慈善事业有着自身独特的发展轨 迹。 [2] ), which owns China's largest old industrial base, national commodity grain base, and the country's largest livestock husbandry base with an area of ​​nearly one- sixth of the country . As an area where philanthropy developed earlier in our country, philanthropy has its own uniqueness development trajectory. 同时近年来伴随着经济下行压力增大,东北地区尤其是东三省地区经济增速显著放缓 出现“断崖式”增长,辽宁 2015 年甚至出现负增长。 At the same time, along with the pressure of economic downturn in recent years, the economic growth in northeast China, especially in the northeast and northeast provinces , slowed down significantly, resulting in "cliff-like" growth and even negative growth in Liaoning in 2015 . 经济增速放缓乃至停滞使得在高增长掩盖下的一些社会矛盾逐渐显现出来,因此研究东北地区慈善发展轨迹及现状,对完善我国区域慈善发展有着重要的理论与现实意义。 The slowdown of economy and even the stagnation make some social contradictions under the cover of high growth gradually emerge. Therefore, studying the track and status of charitable development in northeast China has important theoretical and practical significance for improving the charitable development in our region.

一、近代东北地区慈善事业的发展 First, the development of charity in northeast China in modern times

(一)背景和历史渊源 (A) background and historical origin

慈善救济事业的诞生与发展必然与所在地区的地理 人文 政治 历史等外部环境密切相关,东北地区的独特地理 人文 历史条件造就了东北地区慈善事业发展的独特之处,因此有必要对近代东北地区慈善事业的发展背景和历史渊源进行简单的介绍。 The birth and development of philanthropic relief must be closely related to the external environment such as geography , culture , politics and history in the region. The unique geography , culture and historical conditions in northeast China have created the uniqueness of charity development in Northeast China. Therefore, it is necessary Briefly introduce the background and historical origin of charity development in Northeast China in modern times.

1. 地理人文环境 1. Geographical and cultural environment  

传统意义上的东北指的是东北三省加内蒙古东部五盟市 ,位于亚洲大陆之东,中国的东北部,在中国地图上的“鸡首”位置,故 称“东北”。 In the traditional sense, the northeast refers to the three northeastern provinces plus the five-nation municipality in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia . It is located in the east of the Asian continent and in the northeast of China. It is called "the northeast" on the map of China . 东北地形是北、西、东三面环山、中部为平原,东北部有小兴安岭、西部有大兴安岭、东部有长白山脉从三面呈马蹄形包围着。 Northeast terrain is north, west and east sides of the mountain, the central plains, the northeast Xiaoxing'anling, the western Daxinganling Changbai Mountains in the east surrounded by a horseshoe from three sides.

与我们印象中的“北大仓”、“风水宝地”不同,近代的东北地区由于开发较晚,同时自然灾害频发,使得东北地区的地理环境远不如我们相像地那么好。 Unlike our impression of "Beidajang" and "Feng Shui Po", the northeastern region of northeast China, due to its late development and frequent natural disasters, made the geographical environment in the northeast much weaker than we are. 1840-1949 年间的数据说明,近代东北其实是自然灾害多发地区,主要有水灾、旱灾、地震、风雹、霜冻、虫灾、瘟疫等各种自然灾害(见表 1-1 According to the data from 1840 to 1949 , modern northeast China is actually a natural disaster-prone area, with various natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, wind hails, frosts, pests and plagues (see Table 1-1 )

1-1 1840-1911 年东北地区各种自然灾害表(单位:年次) Table 1-1 Various natural disasters in Northeast China from 1840 to 1911 (unit: year)

年份 years

水灾 flood

旱灾 drought

地震 earthquake

瘟疫 plague

虫灾 Pest disaster

雹灾 Hail disaster

霜冻 Frost

火灾 Fire

1840-1911 1840-1911

47 47

10 10

5 5

2 2

4 4

7 7

7 7

1 1

1912-1949 1912-1949

23 twenty three

7 7

12 12

8 8

4 4

4 4

- -

1 1

数据来源:根据李文海等编著《近代中国灾荒纪年》及《近代中国灾荒纪年续编》湖南教育出版社 历年资料统计整理 Data source: According to Li Wenhai and other editors, "Modern Chinese Famine and the Annals of Disasters" and "Modern Chinese Famine Continuation Year" Hunan Education Press , statistical data over the years

从表中可以看出,东北地区最频发的自然灾害是水灾,几乎每年夏秋间都会 发生,这主要与东北地区的地理环境和社会环境有关。 As can be seen from the table, the most frequent natural disasters in Northeast China are floods, occurring in almost every summer and autumn , which is mainly related to the geographical and social environment in the Northeast. 东北地区属于大陆性季风气候,降水多集中在 6-9 月,其降水量占全年降水量的 70% 以上, 7 8 月份是降水的最高峰,多雨的年份其降水量更佳突出。 The northeastern region belongs to the continental monsoon climate. The precipitation is mostly concentrated in June-September . Its precipitation accounts for more than 70% of the annual precipitation . July and August are the highest peaks of precipitation. Rainy years have a better precipitation. 雨季来临时 降水量陡增 河流多在此时泛滥。 When the rainy season approached , the precipitation increased sharply and the river flooded at this time. 东北地区冬季漫长而寒冷 地表形成很厚的积雪 每届春天 冰雪融化 形成春汛 所以东北地区一年有两次较大洪峰。 The northeast region is long and cold in winter , with thick snow on the earth's surface . Each spring , ice and snow melt and form a flood season , so there are twice as many flood peaks in the northeast. 而北、西、东三面环山、平原中开的地形又使得河流在山地发源后在平原汇集。 The north, west and east sides of the mountain, the plains in the open topography makes the river after the mountains originated in the plains together. 一旦河流排水不畅 极易形成洪涝灾害。 Once the river drainage is sluggish , it is easy to form a flood disaster. 除了地理、气候条件外 政治的腐败更加重了灾情。 In addition to geographical and climatic conditions , the political corruption has worsened the disaster. 近代以后 东北地区陷于列强争夺与军阀混战之中 政局动荡 官场腐败。 Since the modern times , the northeast region has been caught in the scramble for power between the powers and the warlords , the political turmoil and official corruption. 尤其是“九一八”事变后在日伪政权统治之下 日寇和伪政府流靡一气 大肆掠夺搜刮民脂民膏之外 对东北地区人民的生命财产却漠不关心 水利事业几近废弛。 Especially the "September 18" Incident puppet regime under the rule of the Japanese puppet government and extravagant flow together, and plundered plundered flesh and blood outside of the lives and property of the people of the Northeast was indifferent, almost lax water utilities. 一旦发生自然灾害 小灾变大灾 大灾成巨灾。 In the event of natural disasters , small catastrophe disaster , catastrophe into a catastrophe. 除水灾之外 东北地区旱灾也比较严重 由于降水的时空分布不均 经常造成旱涝不均现象。 In addition to floods, drought is more serious in Northeast China, due to the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, droughts and floods often result in inequality. 瘟疫也是东北主要自然灾害之一。 The plague is also one of the major natural disasters in the Northeast. 近代东北发生最严重的一次瘟疫是宣统二年发生的鼠疫 这次鼠疫被称作二十世纪世界上最严重的一次流行性鼠疫 它夺走了六万余人的生命。 The most serious plague in northeast China in modern times was the plague that took place two years after Xuan Tong . This plague was called the world's most serious epidemic plague in the twentieth century and it claimed more than 60,000 lives. 除此之外 东北的自然灾害还有霜冻、风雹以及虫灾、火灾等。 In addition , the natural disasters in Northeast China include frost, wind and hail, pests and fires. 每次自然灾害都给东北人民带来了深重的灾难 甚至有的年份数灾并发。 Every natural disaster has brought deep disaster to people in northeast China , and even some years have complicated the number of natural disasters. 连年的自然灾害使得东北人民生活悲惨,一遇灾害 遍地哀鸿 需救济。 Northeast natural disasters year after year makes people's lives miserable, in case of a disaster, Ai Hong everywhere, need urgent relief. 这正是东北地区近代慈善救济事业诞生的环境。 This is exactly the environment in which the modern charity relief work in Northeast China was born.

2. 政治环境 2. Political Environment  

近代以前,由于清政府在东北地区实行“封禁”政策,东北的政治、经济、文化都与关内有较大区别,独成一体。 In modern times, due to the "ban" policy of the Qing government in the northeast region, the politics, economy and culture in the Northeast are all greatly different from those in the customs, and they are integrated into one. 在鸦片战争后,清政府被迫同西方列强签订一系列不平等条约。 After the Opium War, the Qing government was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties with the Western powers. 咸丰十年( 1860 年)营口开港后 外国资本主义势力开始向东北地区渗透。 After ten years of Xianfeng ( 1860 ), Yingkou opened , foreign capitalist forces began to infiltrate the northeast. 从此 各主要资本主义国家 尤其是日本、俄国 在东北展开角逐 东北陷入灾难的深渊 Since then , all major capitalist countries , especially Japan and Russia , have started a race in northeast China and northeast China has plunged into a disaster-ridden abyss . 东北虽然沦为半殖民地半封建社会 略晚 但半殖民地半封建化的过程却惊人之快(薛虹 李澎田; 1991 )。 Although the Northeast became a little later in the semi- colonial and semi-feudal society , the process of semi-colonial and semi-feudalization was alarming (Xue Hong and Li Pengtian 1991 ). 日本明治维新后 制定侵略中国的“大陆政策” 侵略矛头直指中国东北。 After the Meiji Restoration in Japan , the "mainland policy" of aggression against China was formulated and the aggression directed against the northeast of China. 此后 日俄两国在东北侵略争夺 成为中国最危险的邻敌。 Since then , Japan and Russia have fought aggression in the northeast and become the most dangerous neighbor to China. 1894 年甲午中日战争爆发 东北成为国内主战场之一。 Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894 , and Northeast China became one of the main battlefields in the country. 甲午战争的结果 是沙俄把中国东北变成了自己独占势力范围的准殖 民地。 The results of the Sino-Japanese War, Russia is the northeast China into its own exclusive sphere of influence of the quasi-colonial. 沙俄独占东北的行径不仅与日本既定侵略策略冲突 也引起了英美等列强的不满 最终酿成了 持续 一年的日俄战争。 Russia's exclusive Northeast acts not only with established Japanese aggression policy conflicts, Britain and other powers also caused dissatisfaction, and ultimately led to the Russo-Japanese War continued year. 这是一场可笑又可悲的战争 可笑的是它是两个帝国主义在中国领土上为争夺中国利益而进行的非正义战争 可悲的是中国作为“地主”和受害者却声言“中立” 致使主权沦丧于列强之手。 This is a ridiculous and pathetic war, funny is that it is an unjust war two imperialist interests to compete for China carried out on Chinese territory, sadly Chinese as "landlord" and claimed that the victim was "neutral" , Resulting in the loss of sovereignty in the hands of the powers. 1931 年日本发动“九一八”事变 东北沦陷 此后 东北成为日本独占殖民地长达 年之久。 In 1931 Japan launched the "September 18" Incident, the Northeast fall, after seven years in the Northeast became a colony of Japan exclusive up. 日本在东北成立傀儡政权—伪满洲国 控制东北经济命脉 进行文化侵略和奴化教育 使东北人民饱尝亡国之苦。 Japan set up a puppet regime in the Northeast - Manchukuo, control the economic lifeline of the northeast, cultural aggression and enslavement education, the people of the Northeast suffered the pain of subjugation.

此外,东北地区政权更迭频繁,政治腐败。 In addition, regimes in northeast China have been changing frequently and political corruption has taken place. 为了维护即将崩溃的统治 清政府加紧对人民的搜刮和控制。 In order to safeguard the impending collapse , the Qing government stepped up its search and control over the people. 为了镇压太平天国起义,筹措军粮,咸丰帝多次命令奉天(今沈阳,下同)将军征集粮食送往天津。 In order to suppress the Taiping Rebellion and raise military rations, Emperor Xianfeng repeatedly ordered Fengtian (now Shenyang, the same below) General to collect grain and send it to Tianjin. 地方官以“劝谕”为名 大肆掠夺粮食 中饱私囊 沉重的兵役和官吏的勒索使得人民穷困交加。 Local officials to "advise" in the name of wanton, predatory food , full of pockets , heavy military service and official extortion make the people poor. 除此之外 清朝官吏还借口“禁烟”、“剿匪”骚扰勒索 贪污枉法 使得民不聊生。 In addition, the mandarins also the excuse of "no smoking", "bandits" harassment extortion, corruption and perverting the law, so that times of hardship. 清政府被推翻后 取而代之的是以张作霖为首的地主官僚的军阀统治 各路军阀搜刮民财 扩军备战 东北政局更加错综复杂 动荡不安。 After the overthrow of the Qing government , it was replaced by the warlord rule of landlords and bureaucrats led by Chang Tso-lin . Various warlords plundered their wealth and expanded their armed forces to prepare for war . The political situation in the Northeast was more intricate and turbulent. 张作霖统一东北后 为扩充地盘 数次参与关内的军阀混战 陷民 于水火。 Chang Tso-lin unified Northeast for the expansion of the site several times a warlord involved in the clearance, trapping all the people untold miseries. “九一八”事变后 日本在东北进行了十四年的殖民统治 全面控制东北的政治、经济、军事、思想文化 伪满洲国在日本操纵下 为虎作伥 大肆掠夺、迫害、屠杀人民 东北陷于法西斯的恐怖统治之下。 "September 18" Incident, the Japanese in the Northeast fourteen years of colonial rule, full control of the Northeast political, economic, military, ideological and cultural, Manchukuo in Japan manipulation, ill, plunder, persecution, massacre people , Northeast under the fascist terror under the rule. 解放战争时期 国民党决定“武力接收”东北 发动军事进攻 而潜伏的土匪、特务、敌伪残余以及汉奸、恶霸、地主也乘机重新活跃 东北人民再次陷入困境之中。 During the War of Liberation , the Kuomintang decided to "take over" the northeast by "armed force" and launch a military offensive . The latent bandits, spies, remnants of rivalries and the traitors, bullies and landlords also took the opportunity to reactivate and the northeast people were in trouble again.

东北动荡的政局以及腐朽的政府使得人民生命财产无所保障 一旦遇到灾难更是呼天不应 唤地不灵 更不要说政府救济了 Northeast of political unrest and corrupt government makes nothing to protect life and property in the event of a disaster is the day should not call, call heard by anyone, let alone a government relief. 这就更加重了灾难的破坏性 也使社会慈善事业的发展显得更加迫切。 This is exacerbating the devastating disaster, but also to the development of social philanthropy is even more urgent.

3. 经济状况 3. Economic conditions  

东北地区地处关外 加上清朝长期的封禁政策 经济远较关内落后 人民生活困难。 Northeast China is located off the border , coupled with the Qing Dynasty's long-term ban policy , the economy is far behind the customs , the people's living difficulties. 清朝末年内外交困 加紧对人民搜刮 人民生活雪上加霜。 Qing Dynasty downturn, people stepping up to plunder people's lives worse. 东北开禁之 虽然大量荒地被放垦 但是土地集中于少数地主手中 地主阶级垄断土地抬高地价 广大农民仍然是被束缚在土地上的农奴 受地主剥削。 After lifting the ban Northeast, although a lot of wasteland reclamation was released, but the concentration of land in the hands of a few landlords, the landlord class monopoly of land up land prices, farmers are still tied to the land of serfs exploited by landlords. 许多关内贫苦农民忍受不了封建剥削压迫逃往东北 却陷入同样的悲惨境地 仍然逃脱不了地主阶级的压迫。 Many poor and poor peasants in Inner Mongolia can not stand the feudal exploitation and oppression to flee to the northeast , but fall into the same miserable situation . They still can not escape the oppression of the landlord class. 民国之后封建地主经济继续向前发展 军阀仗势进行土地兼并 土地进一步集中 农民负担更加沉重。 After the Republic of China, the economy of feudal landlords continued to move forward . Warlord forces engaged in land annexation , the land was further concentrated and the peasants' burden was even heavier. “九一八”事变后 日本陆军省和关东军在我国东北农村掀起了“农业移民”的侵略狂潮 掠夺农产品 尤其是粮食。 After the "September 18" Incident , the Japanese Army Corps and the Kwantung Army launched a wave of aggression in "agricultural immigration" in rural areas of northeast China , plundering agricultural products , especially grain. 在日伪统治下 人民命运更加悲惨。 Under the rule of Japan and the Puppet , the fate of the people is even more miserable. 比如,从 1940 年开始 日本在东北全面实行农产品包括主要粮谷和一些 产品统制 设立“农产品交易场” 在物价暴涨的情况下 以极其低廉的价格收购粮谷 而且压低粮谷的实际等级 这样的收购价格是绝对不能弥补粮谷的生产成本的。 For example, from 1940, full implementation of Japan's major cereal grains and agricultural products, including control of some products, the establishment of "agricultural trade field" in the northeast, in the case of skyrocketing prices, in a very low purchase price of cereal grains and cereal grains down The actual level , this purchase price is absolutely not make up for the production costs of grain. 与此同时大搞“粮谷出荷” 强征粮谷。 At the same time engaging in "cereal grains out of the Netherlands' strong requisitions Valley. 为了加强强制摊派 1942 年以后 设“出荷督励班”分赴各地搜查、监视 并禁止农村往城里私运粮谷。 In order to strengthen mandatory assessed, after 1942, set up "the Dutch Governor Li classes" traveled around the search, monitor and prohibit smuggling Cereals countryside toward the town. 从实行“粮谷出荷”制度到日本投降 预计强征粮谷万吨 实际强征了万吨。 From the implementation of "cereal grains out of charge" system to Japan's surrender, expected strong foragers Valley tons, the actual forced recruitment of tons. “粮谷出荷”给东北人民带来了沉重的灾难。 The "grain output" brought heavy disaster to people in northeast China. 1943 年东北地区遭受旱、蝗灾害 吉林省十余县受灾 灾民达百万以上。 In 1943 , the northeast region suffered from drought and locust plague . More than 10 counties in Jilin Province were affected and more than 1 million victims were victims. 四省(指辽宁、吉林、黑龙江及热河)秋收收成只有 1941 年的六成。 Four provinces (referring to Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Rehe) autumn harvest into only 1941 sixty percent. 入冬以后灾民衣食无着 饿毙冻死者日以数千计。 After the winter, the victims have no food or clothing, but the number of hungry, dead and frozen people is in the tens of thousands of days. 面对此情形 日寇却发出强盗式公告“满洲不管发生严重之旱灾、蝗灾 无论如何农产品输出计划 必须完成。各县官吏须认真催促居民按期缴粮 不得托故逸延 The face of this situation, the Japanese robber has issued notice "of Manchuria severe drought no matter what happens, locusts, anyway agricultural output plan must be completed. County officials urged residents to be careful on schedule to pay food, not an excuse to delay Plaza." 近代东北人民在帝国主义的铁蹄和无能的政府统治下生活悲惨 生命无所保障 一遇灾难 只有束手待毙 几乎无自救能力 这也加剧对社会慈善的需求。 Modern people in the northeast of the cruel and incompetent government under the rule of imperialism life miserable, nothing to protect the life, in case of a disaster, and only wait to die, almost no self-help capabilities, it also increased the demand for social charity.

4. 西方资本影响 The impact of Western capital

随着外国资本主义的介入 东北资本主义经济开始产生与发展。 With the intervention of foreign capitalism , the capitalist economy in Northeast China started to develop and develop. 在农村 被称为“大农”的经营地主和富农开始采用大规模的集约化经营 大农的集约化生产使得东北农村经济商品化加速。 In rural areas , landowners and rich peasants , who are called "big peasants," began to adopt large-scale intensive management . The intensive production of big peasants accelerated the commercialization of the northeast rural economy. 除此之外 在一些传统行业也开始出现资本主义因素 逐渐向资本主义性质的商品生产过渡。 In addition , capitalist factors began to emerge in some traditional industries and gradually shifted to the capitalist nature of commodity production. 由此产生了一批家财丰厚的商人。 As a result, a group of wealthy merchants were born. 这些商人是东北社会慈善救济的重要参与者与组织者。 These businessmen are important participants and organizers of charity relief in Northeast China. 民国时期 东北的民族资本主义的发展进入黄金时代。 During the Republic of China , the development of national capitalism in the northeast entered the golden age. 东三省政府大力倡办实业 奉系军阀官僚资本迅速 膨胀 民营资本也日益繁荣。 The governments of the three northeastern provinces vigorously promoted industrialization . The capital of Bureaucratic Bureaucrats in Fengxian County expanded rapidly and private capital was also increasingly prosperous. 民族资本在工业、矿业、商业、金融、交通以及农业等各个领域 都取得了很大的成就。 National capital in all areas of industry, mining, commerce, finance, transportation and agriculture, have made great achievements. 其发展速度之快 经营规模之大及社会效益之高 都远远超过关内 走在全国前列。 Its rapid development , business scale and high social benefits , far beyond the customs , go in the forefront of the country. ”慈善事业的发展离不开经济的支撑 近代东北地区资本主义经济的发展促使一批具有一定经济实力的慈善群体的产生 由此促进了东北近代慈善事业的发展。 "Development of philanthropy without the support of the economy, Zibenzhuyi modern economic development to promote the Northeast produced a number of charitable groups with a certain economic strength, thereby facilitating the development of modern philanthropy in the Northeast.

5. 西方慈善思想的影响 The influence of Western ideas of charity

随着外国势力进入东北 西方的慈善思想随之在东北传播开来。 As foreign forces entered the northeast , the philanthropic ideas of the West subsequently spread in the northeast. 而外国人尤其是教会创办的一些慈善机构 如慈善医院、慈善学校也陆续建立起来。 Foreigners, especially the charitable organizations established by the church , such as charity hospitals and charity schools have also been established one after another. 以沈阳为例 在晚清时期 沈阳即有三所外国医院。 FOR EXAMPLE, in the late Qing Dynasty, Shenyang that is three foreign hospitals. 其具体情况如表 1-2 所示: The specific circumstances shown in Table 1-2 :

1-2 沈阳外国医院概况 Table 1-2 Overview of Shenyang Foreign Hospital

医院名称 hospital name

创办时间 Founding time

地点 location

规模 scale

基本概况 Basic profile

经费 Funding

功绩 Merit

盛京施医院 Shengjing Shi Hospital

光绪元年 Guangxu first year

(英医学博士司督阁创办) (British Medical Doctor Secretary Office founded)

抚近关小河沿三道沟东 Fu Wang close the river along the three ditch East

 

楼舍一百六十楹, One hundred and sixty 楼 of buildings, 院长一 医士六,药剂师一 皆西人。 Dean , doctor six, pharmacists , are all Western. 学生十余 皆中人。 More than ten students , all in the people. 附设医科大学一处。 Attached to a medical university.

设诊病、留养、储药、宣道各室。 Set diagnosis and treatment, maintenance, storage medicine, preach each room. 按日施诊内外两科。 On daily internal and external consultations two subjects.

常年经费约需十余万圆,皆由司君劝募中西善士所捐。 Perennial funds need about more than ten million rounds, both by the division Jun advised Sin and West donors donated.

每岁诊治约四万余人。 About 40,000 people are diagnosed and treated each year.

盛京女施医院 Shengjing female facilities hospital

光绪二十二年 Guangxu twenty-two years

楼舍五十余楹。 More than fifty buildings 楹. 中西女医士各二 中医女医学生各七。 Chinese and Western female doctors two , seven Chinese medicine female students. 附设产科学堂各一处。 Attached to the School of Obstetrics one each.

楼舍五十楹。 Fifty 楼 buildings. 中西女医各二,中女医学生七。 Chinese and Western women two, female medical students seven. 附设产科学堂一处。 Attached to an obstetric school.

设诊病、养病及储药、宣道等室。 Set diagnosis and treatment, recuperation and medicine, preaching room. 按日施诊。 On the day of consultation.

常年经费由英京老教会供给,中人亦有捐助者。 Annual funding is provided by the Old Beijing Church, there are also donors.

每岁诊治病人约三万余。 About thirty thousand patients are diagnosed and treated each year.

日本赤十社奉天病院 Japanese red ten clubs days hospital

宣统元年 Xuantong first year

怀远关大街十字街北 Huaiyuan Guan Street Cross Street North

院长及副院长各一,名誉顾问各二,医员三,庶务部长、调剂员、书记各一、雇员四,看护妇长一,看护妇二十一。 Dean and vice president, honorary adviser, doctor and physician Third, general minister, mediator, clerk one, employee four, nursing women one, nursing women twenty-one.

分外科、产科、小儿科、内科。 Sub-surgery, obstetrics, pediatrics, internal medicine.

 

每年诊治中外男妇约数万余。 Every year more than tens of thousands of men and women are diagnosed and treated at home and abroad.

资料来源:赵恭寅修 曾有翼等纂民国《沈队县志》《中国地方志集成·辽宁府县志缉》南京凤凰出版社 2006 年。 Source: Zhao Gongyin Xiu , Zeng Youyi, etc. Compile the Republic of China "Shen team county", "China local history integration, Liaoning Province, prefectural records," Nanjing Phoenix Press, 2006 .

其中,盛京施医院是由来华著名英籍传教士司徒阁创建。 Among them, Shengjing Shi Hospital was founded by a famous Chinese missionary Stuart Goethe. 司督 Dugald Christie Dugald Christie (Dugald Christie, 1855-1936 )英国籍 苏格兰人 ,从 1882 年至 1923 年在我国东北地区施医传教,历经 40 年,先后创办了 盛京 1855-1936 ) British Scots , from 1882 to 1923 in the northeastern China medical mission, after 40 years, has founded Sheng Jing ( 今沈阳 ) 施医院、女施医院、盛京西医学堂,是第一位将西方医学传入我国东北地区的传教士 创办的盛京施医院是西医进入亚洲的第一个落脚点,在那以前整个亚洲尚无西医诊所 为我国的医疗事业和医学教育做出了重大贡献。 ( Now Shenyang ) Shih Hsien Hospital and Nursing Hospitals and Shengjing Western Medical School were the first missionaries to bring western medicine into the northeast of our country. The Shengjing Shishi Hospital , which was founded by them , was the first end result of Western medicine entering Asia. before that no Western medicine clinics throughout Asia for China's medical cause and made significant contributions to medical education. [3] [3]

教会在华的慈善事业主要有教会医疗事业、教会慈幼事业和教会救济事业。 The Church's philanthropic activities in China mainly include the cause of church medical service, the church service for children and the cause of church relief. 虽然教会慈善事业的主观目的是为传教铺平道路 但是在客观上不仅促进了中国近代医疗、教育等事业的发展 也为中国带来了西方先进的慈善体制和思想。 Although the subjective purpose of the church philanthropy is to pave the way for missionary work , it objectively not only promotes the development of modern medical and educational undertakings in China , but also brings advanced western charities and ideologies to China. 外国慈善实践使得西方近代慈善思想在东北传播开来 推动了东北慈善事业的发展。 Foreign philanthropy practice made the modern western philanthropy spread in Northeast China and promoted the development of philanthropy in northeast China.

(二)近代东北慈善事业进程 (B) the process of modern Northeast charity

1840 年鸦片战争爆发 中国国门被列强的大炮打开 在列强的铁蹄下 中国近代化过程也缓慢发展。 In the 1840s when the Opium War broke out and the door of China was opened by the mighty artillery , under the bullying power of the powers , the process of China's modernization was also slowly developing. 东北在历代被视为关外之地 满清入关后 对其实施保护政策 直到营口被迫开港 列强势力向东北渗透的同时 东北近代化也逐渐起步。 In the northeast is considered outside the ancient customs, the Manchus, its implementation protection policy, forced open until the same time Yingkou Port, northeast of powers forces penetrate the Northeast modernization gradually started. 因此 近代东三省的经济、政治及社会文化都独成一体 与关内各地区有明显的区别 慈善事业亦是如此。 Therefore, the modern economic, political and socio-cultural Northeast of an individual style, there is a clear distinction with the regional customs, philanthropy is also true. 与东南、华中、华北、华南等各地区相比 东北慈善事业发展明显迟滞 仅就东三省内部而言 黑龙江、吉林两地慈善事业又落后于辽宁地区。 Compared with the regional southeast, central, north, south China, northeast apparent stagnation in the development of charity, only for internal purposes of the Northeast, Heilongjiang, Jilin and two charity behind the Liaoning Province. 东北慈善事业虽然先天不足 但是后天灾难频发 的社会环境及自然环境却给了它强大的催发力 东北地区慈善事业由小到大、从弱至强逐渐发展起来。 Although philanthropy in Northeast China is inherently inadequate , the social environment and natural environment with frequent catastrophes have given it a powerful reminder. As a result , philanthropy in northeast China has grown from small to large and gradually developed from weak to strong. 近代东北慈善事业的发展主要经历了以下几个阶段: The development of modern charity in Northeast mainly experienced the following stages:

1.1840-1904 年。 1840-1904 . 在此阶段 东北慈善事业发展区域极不平衡 由于东北开禁不久 许多地方尚处于开发之中 人口密度比较小 经济比较落后 这就限制了该地慈善事业的发展进程 辽河以东人口较密集 经济较其他地区发达 相对而言慈善事业比其他地区较发达。 At this stage, the development of philanthropy northeast region is extremely uneven, due to the northeast lifting the ban soon, in many places is still in development, population density is relatively small, relatively backward economy, which limits the development process of the local charity, east of the Liaohe River More densely populated and more developed economy than other regions , relatively speaking, charities are more developed than other regions. 此阶段东北慈善事业的主力是政府 民间慈善只是官办慈善的补充与辅助 这主要是由民间经济实力有限所致。 At this stage, the main force of charity in northeast China is the government . Non-governmental charitable funds are only supplements and auxiliary to government-run charities . This is mainly caused by the limited economic strength of the private sector . 此阶段 东北慈 善事业的发展主要有赈济、设立收容机关、设立粥厂、助丧以及早期红十字会组织等。 This stage of the development of the northeast philanthropic mainly relief, the establishment of housing agencies, set up soup kitchens to help the Red Cross organization and early funeral.

2.1904-1912 年。 2 1904-1912 . 1904 年日俄战争爆发 这场战争在中国近代史上具有重要影响 给中国人民 尤其是东北人民带来了灾难 但是 从另一个角度上 它在客观上也促进了东北慈善事业的发展 在这期间诞生了万国红十字会(中国红十字总会的前身),而 1910 年东北鼠疫及防治则是近代慈善医疗与卫生防疫事业的成功案例,同时在此期间东北慈善事业明显向近代转型。 1904 Russo-Japanese War broke out, the war has an important influence on modern Chinese history, to the Chinese people, especially the people of the Northeast brought disaster, but from another point of view, the objective is also to promote it in the northeast of philanthropy development, during which was born of the International Red (China Red Cross Society's predecessor), and the 1910 Northeast plague and prevention is the modern medical and epidemic prevention charity career success stories, while in the meantime northeast obvious to charity Modern Transformation.

在日俄战争期间腐败无能的清政府屈辱地宣布“局外中立”,但战争带来的灾难都要由中国人民来承担,由于俄国封锁了港口 清政府所派出前往东北接运难民的船只不准进港 东北同胞被困于东北,有鉴于此中国有识之士发起成立东三省红十字普济善会 总局设在上海。 During the Russo-Japanese War, the Qing government, which was corrupt and incompetent, humiliarily declared "external neutrality," but all the disasters caused by the war were borne by the Chinese people. As Russia blocked the port , the Qing government sent ships to the northeast to transport refugees They are not allowed to enter Hong Kong . Northeast compatriots are trapped in the northeast. In view of this, Chinese people of insight initiated the establishment of the Red Cross General Assembly in the Northeast . The headquarters are located in Shanghai. 尽管普济善会已经具有了红十字会的特征 但是它并不是真正意义上的红十字会 所以普济善会的救济行动遭到了日俄两国的阻挠。 Although the Puji Shansi already possesses the characteristics of the Red Cross , it is not a true Red Cross . Therefore, Puji's relief operation has been obstructed by Japan and Russia. 为了救济在战火中挣扎的东北人民 1904 3 10 日上海万国红十字会成立,并在战事各地设立分会,主要工作是救济难民出险、难民救护与安置、放赈,万国红十字会的成立标志着中国慈善救助事业发展进入新的阶段。 In order to remedy the Northeast people struggling in the war, March 10, 1904 Shanghai International Red Cross was founded and established chapters throughout the war, the main work is dangerous condition of refugee relief, refugee resettlement and rescue, relief put, the establishment of the International Red It marks that the development of charity aid in China has entered a new stage.

1910 9 16 鼠疫最先在俄属境内爆发 很快扩展到中国境内,这次鼠疫来势凶猛 殃及范围广 迅速覆盖东北三省及周围地区 并蔓延至天津、北京、直隶、山东、河南诸省 直到翌年三月才逐渐平息。 September 16, 1910, the first case of plague broke out in the territory of Russia, and soon extended to the territory of China, the ferocious plague, affecting a wide range, quickly covering the three northeastern provinces and the surrounding area, and spread to Tianjin, Beijing, straight Li, Shandong, Henan provinces , until the following March only gradually subsided. 六万余人在鼠疫中丧生。 More than 60,000 people died in the plague. 在鼠疫期间 中国政府在国际力量的配合下 采取了一系列积极有效的防疫措施 最终较好地控制了疫情的蔓延 同时促进了现代国家公共卫生和防疫机制的初步建立。 During the plague, the Chinese government in cooperation with international forces, adopted a series of positive and effective prevention measures, and ultimately better control the spread of the epidemic, while promoting the initial establishment of the modern state Gonggongweisheng and epidemic prevention mechanism.

在此中国传统慈善有设立施医院、牛痘局 以及民间施医济药的传统 比如 奉天施医院“以施药济人为宗旨” 怀德设有牛痘局“选请善种医生入局专司其事 并晓谕属界民人均听赴局引种 不取分文”等。 In the Chinese tradition of charitable hospitals have set up facilities, vaccinia office, doctors and civil Shi Ji traditional medicine, such as Mukden hospital facilities "to spraying economic human purpose," Wilder has vaccinia Bureau "Please choose a doctor incoming special kind of good Secretary of the case , and spoke of the community are listening to go to the Council for the introduction , not to take points "and so on. 随着与西方接触的增多以及西方慈善思想的传入 西方近代慈善思想逐渐渗透 东北慈善事业向近代转型明显。 With the increase in incoming and Western ideas of charity in contact with the West, the gradual penetration of Western Modern Charity Thought, northeast transition to modern philanthropy obvious. 传统的施医济药也开始近代化转型 卫生医院数量增多,受西方慈善医疗机构的影响 东北的慈善医疗事业发展起来。 Shi Ji traditional medicine doctors have begun modernization transformation, increase the number of health hospitals, charitable influenced by Western medical institutions, northeast of medical charity developed. 这类医院分科较细、较科学 特别是许多医院设置了妇科、产科等 这极大改善了妇女就医的条件。 Such sub-hospitals are relatively small and scientific , and in particular, many gynecological and obstetrics hospitals are set up . This has greatly improved the conditions for women's medical treatment.

3.1912-1931 年. 3. 1912-1931 . 1912 年中华民国成立 东北慈善事业的发展进入新阶段。 The establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 , the development of charity in Northeast China entered a new stage. 由于自然灾害频发 政局动荡 奉系军阀与各派军阀之间斗争不断 人民陷于水火,社会救济成为政府不可推卸的责任 但是由于财支出 、政局不稳 政府的社会救助能力有限。 Due to frequent natural disasters and political turmoil , the war between Fengxian warlords and various warlords has continued . People are trapped in flood and water and social relief has become an unshirkable responsibility of the government . However, due to fiscal expenditures and political instability , the government's social assistance capacity is limited. 这也就促进了民间慈善事业的繁荣。 This will also promote the prosperity of private philanthropy. 随着西方近代慈善思想的传入以及民间资本的增长 加上政府社会救济不力 东北民间慈善事业也繁盛起来 并且向着组织化方向发展。 With the introduction of modern Western philanthropic ideas and the growth of private capital , coupled with the government's poor social assistance , Northeast folk philanthropy is also flourishing , and toward the organizational direction. 在天灾人祸频发的民国年间 官办慈善虽然仍在继续发展 但是其地位开始从属于民间慈善力量。 During the Republican period where natural disasters and catastrophes frequently occurred , government-run charities continued to develop , but their status began to be subordinated to non- governmental charity forces. 社会救济的主力开始转移到民间慈善人士的身上。 The main force of social relief began to be shifted to private philanthropists. 1931 年止 辽宁省共有慈善机关 132 个(其中仅有 19 个是民国以前设立的 包括外国教会创办的慈善机构)。 By 1931 only, Liaoning Province, a total of 132 charitable agencies (of which only 19 are former Republican establishment, including the foreign charity founded by the Church). 在这些慈善机构中 由民间创办或资本完全由民间担负的约计 68 占总数的 52% In these charities, founded by private capital or entirely borne by the private sector approximately 68, 52% of the total. 这些慈善机关包括传统的施舍钱粮的栖流所、施粥厂、贩济会、救济院、义缘、施棺所 也包括具有现代慈善性质的教养兼施的教养局、贫民工厂 还有施医院、疗养院等。 These charities include the traditional habitat for the giving of food, the porridge factory, the tobacco trade, the relief house, the justice margin, the coffin , and the modern philanthropic penitentiary, the poor factory , and Shi hospitals, nursing homes and so on.

4.1931-1949 . 4.1931-1949 years. 在这一阶段 东北慈善事业主要分为两个阶段。 At this stage , charities in Northeast China are mainly divided into two stages. 第一阶段为“九一八”事变后 各界掀起救济东北难民及支援东北义勇军的高潮;第二阶段为解放战争初期对东北难民的救济。 The first phase is the "September 18 Incident" , which set off the upsurge of relief for the northeast refugees and the northeast volunteer army in all walks of life. The second stage is the relief of northeast refugees in the early days of the Liberation War.

“九一八”事变后 东北沦为日本的殖民地, 1932 年“伪满洲国”成立。 After the "September 18" Incident , the Northeast became a Japanese colony. In 1932 , the "puppet Manchukuo" was established. 日本帝国主义的殖民统治及伪满洲国的肆意掠夺使得东北人民陷于极端贫困、孤立无援的深渊。 The colonial rule of the Japanese imperialists and the wanton plunder of the puppet Manchukuo have left the people of northeast China in an abyss of extreme poverty and isolation. 在傀儡政权统治之下 人民挣扎在生死边缘。 Under the puppet regime , the people are struggling on the brink of life and death. 除了日伪政权残酷的殖民统治外 20 世纪 30 年代 东北自然灾害频发,给东北地区造成了大量的难民。 In addition to the Japanese puppet regime's brutal colonial rule in the 1930s, northeast of frequent natural disasters, to the Northeast caused a large number of refugees. 为了救济东北难民 国民政府、中国红十字会、各地慈善团体等积极协作 展开救济。 For the relief of refugees in the northeast, the national government, the Chinese Red Cross, local charitable organizations active collaboration, expand relief. 在东北沦陷后 东北义勇军在东北与日军顽强抗争,东北义勇军的英勇也激起了国人的爱国热忱 各慈善团体成立东北义勇军后援会 从后方募款筹资 积极支持义勇军在前方与日军战斗。 After the fall of the Northeast, the Northeast Volunteer tenacious struggle with the Japanese in the Northeast, the Northeast Volunteers brave and aroused people's patriotic, charitable organization founded Northeast Volunteer support group, fundraising financing from the rear, with the active support of the volunteers in front of the Japanese army in battle .

抗战胜利后 国民党反动派决议发起内战。 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War , the Kuomintang reactionaries decided to launch a civil war. 东北幅员辽阔、资源丰富、交通便利、工业发达、又是中国的“粮仓” 战略地位十分重要 东北再次成为争夺的焦点。 The vast territory of northeast, rich in resources, convenient transportation and industrial development, but also China's "granaries" , the strategic position is very important , Northeast once again become the focus of contention. 连年的战争加上洪水、瘟疫的爆发,再一次将东北人推向灾难的深渊。 After years of war plus floods, the outbreak of the plague, once again the northeast people into the abyss. 灾情严重 宋美龄在北京发起成立东北救济会,“筹募捐款 会同地方人士办理贩济事宜”。 Serious disaster , Soong Mei-ling in Beijing initiated the establishment of the Northeast Relief Association, "raise donations , in conjunction with local people for trafficking issues." 各界的救济使得难民于困境中看到一丝希望 虽然杯水车薪 但是 帮助度一些难民过难关。 So that all sectors of relief to see a glimmer of hope in the plight of refugees, although the drop in the bucket, but the help of some of the refugees had difficulties.

(三)近代东北慈善事业的特点及评价 (C) the characteristics and evaluation of modern Northeast charity

东北一隅 北与俄国为邻 东南与朝鲜为界 南临大海 西有大小兴安岭 以位置而言 天然自成一区 因此东北慈善事业的发展自成一体 有其独特之处。 Northeast corner, adjacent to the north with Russia, Southeast and North Korea as the boundary, south of the sea, the size of the Mountains west to the location, the natural self-contained area, and therefore the development of philanthropy northeast self-contained, has its unique . 总体来说近代东北地区慈善事业呈现出以 下特点: Overall, the northeastern region of modern philanthropy showed the following characteristics:

1. 产生中国最早的红十字救济会与红十字组织 1. Produce China's earliest Red Cross and Red Cross organizations

1863 年国际红十字会诞生 但是中国人对红十字的了解是从甲午中日战争开始的。 The International Red Cross was born in 1863 , but Chinese people knew about the Red Cross from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894. 中日甲午战争中 英、法、德等国医生为了救济伤兵 在牛庄、营口、烟台等地设立了红十字医院 日本红十字组织——赤十字社也加入到伤员救治中,赤十字社不仅救治日本本国伤兵 也救治中国伤。 Sino-Japanese War, Britain, France, Germany and other countries doctors for the relief of the wounded, in Niuzhuang, Yingkou, Yantai and other places to set up a Red Cross hospital, the Japanese Red Cross - Red Cross Society also added to the wounded, the Red Cross Japan society not only treat their own wounded, rescue China also hurt. 甲午战争中的红十字医院并不是中国人自己组织的 而是由在华西方人士组织创办 直到 1904 年日俄战争中中国人自己创办的红十字会组织才最终成立。 Red Cross hospital in the Sino-Japanese War is not the Chinese people to organize themselves, but the organization founded by Westerners in China until 1904 Russo-Japanese War in China's own organization founded by Red Cross was finally established. 日俄战争期间 为救助东北难民 沈敦和、施则敬等于 1904 3 3 日成立“东三省红十字普济善会”。 During the Russo-Japanese War, for the relief of refugees Northeast, London and Shen, Shi Zejing equal to set up a "Northeast Red Cross Lifeline good will" March 3, 1904. 虽然东三省红十字普济善会冠以“善会”之名 不是真正意义上的红十字组织 但是它己是中国红十字会的先声。 While the Northeast Lifeline Red Cross Societies as a "good will" in the name, is not really the Red Cross organization in the sense, but it has been heralded Chinese Red Cross. 1904 3 10 中、英、法、德、美五国在上海组织成立了“上海万国红十字会” 这是第一个真正意义上的中国红十字会组织。 March 10, 1904, China, Britain, France, Germany, the United States and the five countries in the Shanghai organization established the "Shanghai Wanguo Red Cross", which is the Chinese Red Cross on the first real sense. 上海万国红十字会成立之后 立即展开了一系列救济东北人民的慈善活动。 Immediately after the founding of the Wan Guohong Red Cross in Shanghai , a series of charitable activities were taken to relieve the people in the Northeast.

2. 组织人员多样化 2. Organizational diversity

在东北慈善事业发展过程中 有相当大一部分来自于国际友人。 In the process of charity development in Northeast China , a considerable part comes from international friends. 近代东北政局复杂 日本和俄国 是争夺 东北 的主要力量 日俄两国势力交错 分别以南满铁路和中东铁路为中心构筑自己的势力范围 插手中国内政 使得东北半殖民地化特征明显。 Modern northeast complicated political situation, Japan and Russia are competing for the main force of the Northeast, Japan and Russia forces staggered, respectively south Manchuria Railway and Eastern Railway to build their own sphere of influence as the center, adding China's internal affairs, so that the semi-northeast distinctive characteristics. 但是在两国势力入侵区域内的慈善事业 日俄两国也发挥了一定的作用。 However , Japan and Russia have also played a certain role in charitable causes in the region where the two countries invaded the region . 比如 在救济东北流民的过程中南满铁路和中东铁路都给予了减免车费的优惠政策。 For example , in the process of relief to the northeast migrants, both the Nanman Railway and the Middle East Railway have given preferential policies to reduce or eliminate fares. 这些贩灾事务只是日俄两个帝国主义国家在东北地区所享有特权的局部 表现 带有鲜明的半殖民地特色。 The transaction is only a partial performance famine relief two Russo-Japanese imperialist countries in the northeastern region of the privileged, with a distinctive semi-colonial character. 但是 这些贩灾活动确实给当时的难民、灾民提供了一定的帮助与救济。 However , these trafficking activities did provide some assistance and relief to the then refugees and victims. 除此之外 外国教会也为东北慈善事业的发展做出了贡献 为贫民灾民募捐善款、兴办学校、提供粥饭、创办养老院及医院等等。 In addition , foreign churches also contributed to the development of philanthropic undertakings in northeast China . They raised funds for poor people, set up schools, provided porridge rice, set up nursing homes and hospitals, and so on. 另外 在甲午战争时期 西方在华人士创办了红十字会医院和组织 为受伤的中国士兵提供专门救治 这也是西方人士参与到近代东北的慈善事业中重要表现。 In addition, during the Sino-Japanese War, the West founded the Red Cross hospital in Chinese affairs and organizations to provide special treatment for the wounded Chinese soldiers, which is the Westerners involved in the northeast of modern philanthropy an important performance. 因此 在近代东北慈善事业发展过程中 除了本国慈善力量外 多种外国慈善力量也参与进来 促进了东北慈善事业的近代化进程。 Therefore, in the development of modern philanthropy in the Northeast, in addition to their charitable force, a variety of foreign forces charity is also involved, and promote the process of modernization northeast philanthropy.

3. 地域发展不平衡 3. Regional development is not balanced

东北慈善事业的发展呈现出地域发展不平衡的特点 总的来说 辽河流域慈善事业较为发达 辽宁、吉林两省慈善事业比黑龙江、内蒙发展较好 尤其是 沈阳 的慈善事业在东北一枝独秀。 Development of Northeast charity showing the characteristics of unbalanced regional development, in general, Liaohe River philanthropy more developed, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces than charity, good development in Inner Mongolia, especially in Shenyang in northeast thriving charity . 出现这种特点与当地的社会经济条件分不开。 The emergence of such characteristics is inseparable from the local social and economic conditions. 一方面 辽东的经济在清朝前期就己经得到一定程度的发展。 On the one hand , the economy in Liaodong Province had enjoyed some degree of development during the early Qing Dynasty. 清朝入关之前 旗地主要设于辽河以东 即辽阳、沈阳一带 其他各地为数较少。 Prior to the entry into the Qing Dynasty , the flag was mainly located in the east of the Liao River , that is, in Liaoyang and Shenyang areas , with a small number in other places. 入关之后 辽河以西亦设旗地。 After entering the customs , the western Liaohe also set the flag. 吉、黑两省旗地 主要是为防止俄帝国主义入侵而加强驻防之后才逐渐发展起来的。 The flag of Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyzstan, the two provinces , was gradually developed only after it was strengthened mainly to prevent the invasion by the Russian imperialists. 同时辽河流域开放较早 1860 年营口开埠 随之外国资本主义渗透进入东北 客观上促进了辽河流域经济结构的现代化转型。 At the same time the Liao River Basin open earlier, Yingkou its inception in 1860, along with foreign Zibenzhuyi penetration into the Northeast, promoting the objective of modern economic restructuring of the Liao River Basin. 另一方面 东北三省中辽宁省的人口最稠密。 On the other hand , the population of Liaoning Province in the three northeastern provinces is the most densely populated. 清朝入关后 沈阳 作为陪都 王公贵族多汇聚于此 这里不仅是富人的聚集地 也是穷人的集中场所,灾难发生时需要救济 这就促进了辽宁慈善事业的发展。 After the entry of the Qing Dynasty, as the provisional capital of Shenyang, the nobility and more gathered here, where not only is the gathering place for the rich, but also the central location for the poor, in need of relief when a disaster occurs, which promotes the development of Liaoning philanthropy.

4 . 近代东北 慈善起步较早,但发展迟滞 4. Northeast Charity started early modern times, but the development of hysteresis

奉天(今沈阳,下同)是东北重镇 其经济状况及社会发展均较其他地区更为优越。 Fengtian (now Shenyang, the same below) is the northeast city , its economic status and social development are superior to other regions. 但是奉天的慈善事业始于光绪七年( 1881 奉天知府徐本衡和总兵左宝贵创设惜字局、牛痘局等局。 But Mukden charity began seven years Guangxu (1881), Mukden prefect Xu Bing Heng and left precious creation Cherishing Bureau, vaccinia Bureau Bureau. 之后 奉天的慈善事业才逐步发展起来。 Since then , Fengtian's philanthropy gradually developed. 清末奉天的官方救济机构数量少、规模小 社会救济能力十分薄弱 而这一时期的民间慈善活动也尚未组织化、规模化、系统化 仍限于民间善士的个人善举。 In the late Qing Dynasty, the number of official relief agencies in Fengtian was small, the scale was small , and the social assistance ability was very weak . However, the non-governmental charitable activities in this period were not yet organized, large-scale and systematic , and still limited to the personal goodwill of civilians. 民国之 奉天的慈善事业才迅速发展起来。 After the Republic of China, Mukden charity, it has rapidly developed. 发达地方亦如此 其他地方可想而知。 The same applies to developed places and other places can be imagined. 黑龙江、内蒙古等地 较之吉林、辽宁两省更为偏远 蛮荒 慈善事业也更为迟滞。 Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and other places , more than Jilin, Liaoning provinces more remote , wild , philanthropy is also more lagging.

造成造成东北地区慈善事业发展迟滞的原因有两个方面:第一,东北地广人稀 一旦遇到灾害可以依靠自然的调节能力缓解灾害 慈善事业发展空间受限;第二,东北开发较晚 地方经济薄弱 限制了慈善事业的发展。 There are two reasons for the delay in philanthropy development in Northeast China. Firstly, Northeast China is sparsely populated . In the event of a disaster, natural disasters can be mitigated to ease disasters and the space for philanthropy development is limited. Second, Late , the local economy is weak , limiting the development of charities.

5. 慈善内容多样化 5. Charity content diversification

近代以来 受西方慈善观念的影响 东北慈善事业的内容也吸收了许多近代化的因素 渐趋多样化。 Since the modern times , influenced by the concept of charity in the West , the content of charity in Northeast China also absorbed many elements of modernization and gradually diversified. 传统慈善内容中的扶贫济困、施医舍药、贩灾救荒仍在慈善救济中占据主导地位 但是“救贫于亡然 不如防贫于未然”的慈善思想也为更多的人所接受 一些具有近代因素的新型救济内容也开始产生。 Traditional charity helping the poor in content, Shi health care medicine, famine relief charity Famine still dominates, but "to save the poor to natural death, as anti-poor in the first place," the idea of charity but also for more people Accepted , some new remedies with modern elements have begun to take shape. 最显著的变化就是慈善活动更加注重教养并重 从单纯的生活救济转化到对贫民的精神文化救济、生存技能教育救济等。 The most significant change is that charitable activities pay more attention to both parenting and higher education , from simple life relief to spiritual and cultural relief to the poor and survival and technical education relief. 随着西方教育理念的传入 许多慈善教育机构引进近代的教学课程、科学制定教育计划 使得许多贫民子弟受到基础教育。 With the introduction of Western educational philosophy , many charity educational institutions have introduced modern teaching curricula and scientifically formulated educational programs that have enabled many children and poor people to receive basic education. 比如奉天基督教青年会十分注重贫民的普及教育 1923 年特别发起了贫民教育运动 1924 年成立公民教育研究班 1926 年开设平民夜校 1928 年平民学校扩至 9 处,学生 300 人。慈善内容的多样化推动了近代东北慈善事业的近代化进程 也是近代东北慈善事业的一个重要特征。

总而言之 东北慈善事业的发展不仅是社会的稳压器 更推动了东北民众素质的提高 促进了东北的开发以及社会文化教育、卫生事业的发展。

二、当代东北地区慈善事业的发展

新中国成立以后,由于受到意识形态等因素的影响,加上旧的慈善机构遭到破坏,东北地区乃至中国的慈善事业在建国后相当长一段时间曾中辍、衰息。在此 之后 慈善事业 呈现出了新的面貌,出现了以雷锋为代表的乐于助人、做好事不留名的全国性公众人物,并在全国掀起了“向雷锋学习”的风潮。改革开放后,随着经济发展、慈善活动的开展,慈善活动逐渐被广大人民群众所接受。

1981 年中国儿童少年基金 会成立标志着当代中国慈善事业的复兴,及至 1994 年中华慈善总会创立 当代民间慈善事业获得较大发展。 而后 随着经济体制的不断深入、社会的急剧转型 救济问题也越来越突出 国家、社会对慈善事业亦日益重视 慈善事业在新世纪获得了良好的社会氛围与发展空间,东北地区的慈善事业呈现出了新的面貌。尤其是进入新时期以来,把扶危济困、播散爱心当做毕生天职的“全国劳动模范”、被人们亲切称为“爱心使者、雷锋传人”的原鞍山钢铁厂工人郭明义,更是为东北地区慈善事业增添了浓墨重彩的一笔。

当代东北地区的慈善机构数量、从 业人员不断增加,法律法规不断完善,社会组织、公益基金、社会捐赠 呈逐年增加态势。

(一)法律法规不断完善

1. 我国慈善事业法律规范的种类

1 )基本法律。主要有全国人大常委会 1993 年制定的《红十字会法》、 1999 年制定的《公益事业捐赠法》,以及 2016 3 月全国人民代表大会通过的《中华人民共和国慈善法》(以下称慈善法)。三部法律为调整全国范围内慈善事业活动提供了法律依据。新的慈善法规定了慈善概念、慈善机构、慈善政策等,进一步明确了慈善组织的法律地位、慈善募捐的主体、慈善募捐的监督机制、慈善事业的主管部门、慈善捐赠活动的程序,明确捐赠人、受赠人和受益人的权利义务,规范了慈善事业准入、评估、监管、公益产权界定与转让、投资、退出等行为。慈善法为慈善事业的发展提供了更全面的法律保障。

2 )行政法规。 1988 9 月国务院颁布的《基金会管理办法》是我国改革开放后制定的第一部专门规范中国民间组织登记管理的行政法规,规定了基金会的定义、设立条件、审批体制、资金筹集规则、资金使用保值规则、资助协议和行政费用的规范以及监管 规范等,对促进中国基金会的成立、发展,尤其是促进中国“官办”基金会的发展,发挥了重要作用。 2004 2 月国务院颁布的《基金会管理条例》更是为规范基金会的组织和活动,维护基金会、捐赠人和受益人的合法权益,促进社会力量参与公益事业提供了有力的法律支撑。为鼓励公益性 捐赠 1993 11 月国务院颁布的《企业所得税暂行条例》对公益性捐赠企业实行税务优惠,成为鼓励社会力量积极的参与慈善事业的助推器,与此同时《社会团体登记管理条例》《事业单位登记管理暂行条例》等对社会团体、事业单位等机构的登记管理也分别作出了相应的规定,为慈善机构的成立与发展提供监管与保障。

3 )部门规章。民政部颁布了《社会福利性募捐义演管理暂行办法》、《社会福利机构管理暂行办法》、《救灾捐赠管理暂行办法》、《慈善组织公开募捐管理办法》等,在慈善法通过后,民政部出台了大量的关于慈善法实施的办法和通知等,如《慈善组织公开募捐管理办法》、《慈善组织认定办法》、《民政部关于慈善组织登记等有关问题的通知》《民政部、中国银行业监督管理委员会关于做好慈善信托备案有关工作的通知》等,进一步推动了慈善法的具体实施。财政部、国家税务总局、海关总署也有关于慈善捐赠的鼓励办法,如《慈善捐赠物资免征进口税收暂行办法》等。

4 )地方性法规。由于各地方经济发展程度不同,各地方根据自己的经济水平制定了相应的地方性法规,采取因地制宜的管理模式和实施办法。

2. 东北地区慈善事业发展的政策法规

为了加强针对慈善事业发展的管理与支持,近年来东北地区各省(自治区)人大常委会、省市政府相继出台了有关地方性法规、政府规章等规范性文件,慈善事业等规范性法律文件正逐步完善,从法律层面规范慈善事业发展,同时也为慈善事业保驾护航。近年来东北地区出台了系列法规及规章制度,为贯彻落实国务院关于促进慈善事业健康发展的指导意见(国发〔 2014 61 号)东北各省相继出台《辽宁省政府关于促进慈善事业健康发展的意见》、《中 共吉林省委吉林省人民政府关于加快推进我省慈善事业发展的意见 》《 黑龙江 省人民政府关于加快推进我省慈善事业发展的意见 》《内蒙古自治区 人民政府关于加快推进我省慈善事业发展的意见 》《 吉林省地税局、吉林省民政厅关于全省慈善会接受社会捐赠有关税收政策通知 》等一些列法规,其中《辽宁省人民政府关于加强困境儿童保障工作的实施意见》《辽宁省人民政府关于加强农村留守儿童关爱保护工作的实 施意见》专门为农村贫困家庭及留守儿童这一特殊群体的救助提供了法律途径。

(二)慈善机构不断增加,布局日驱合理

20 世纪 90 年代初 大量涌现的慈善活动呼唤着从事慈善事业的专门机构一一民间慈善团体的诞生。 1993 1 8 吉林省慈善总会在长春市成立 这是大陆第一家以慈善会命名的社会团体。同年 1 28 日辽宁省慈善总会在沈阳成立, 1995 5 20 日黑龙江省慈善总会成立。东北地区慈善组起步较早,甚至成立较晚的黑龙江省也早于广大中西部地区,在这一时期东北地区的慈善机构引领全国。中华慈善总会的成立后,开始在全国大力发展团体会员,东北地区的慈善机构也迎来了新的发展。截止 2016 年,东北各地区率属于慈善总会的慈善总会 14 处,以公益慈善为宗旨的社会组织遍布城乡,在扶老、助残、救孤济困、赈等方面发挥了重大作用。

(三)慈善救助力量不断壮大

1. 社会组织数量显著增加

慈善组织是慈善事业发展的载体和重要力量,也是慈善事业现代化的结构基础,慈善组织数量和能力的提升无疑有助于慈善事业的快速发展。目前社会组织中较大比例是从事广义上的慈善活动的,因此,从事慈善事业的社会组织 数量的变化在一定程度上能够体现慈善组织数量的变化。按照社会组织的性质不同,主要分为社会团体、民办非企业单位和基金会。根据国家统计局每年公布的年鉴数据显示, 2011 年至 2016 年间东北地区的社会组织数量每年增加 1000 家以上,由 2011 年的 46268 家增长至 2016 年的 58090 家,增长率为 25.6% 。截止 2016 年底,东北地区基金会数量为 341 家,同期全国基金会数量为 4781 家,约占全国的 7.1%

1-1 东北地区社会组织

数据来源:国家统计局网站

1-2 东北地区基金会数量

数据来源:国家统计局网站

2. 慈善公益支出逐年增长

慈善组织以公益性为典型特征,公益支出数额不仅能反映慈善组织所具有的吸引慈善资源的能力,同时也能够体现慈善组织自身的管理运营效率。 2011-2016 年间东北地区慈善组织公益支出总体呈上涨趋势。以基金会公益金支出为例, 2011-2016 年间,其公益支由 13.2 亿元增长至 25.8 亿元,增长率为 95.5%

1-3 东北地区公益金支出

数据来源:国家统计局网站

3. 社会物资捐赠

2011 2016 年间,东北地区社会物资捐赠受年份地域影响较大,如 2011 年夏季辽宁吉林省遭遇大规模降雨,该年社会物资捐赠显著高于其他年份。同时捐赠情况受地域影响较大,慈善事业发展较为滞后的内蒙古地区社会物资捐赠较同期其他三省明显落后。

1-4 东北地区社会无资金捐赠

数据来源:国家统计局网站

4. 慈善资金来源

彩票销售是慈善公益金的重要来源,因此彩票销售收入的变化能较大程度地反映慈善资金的状况。 2011-2016 年间,东北地区彩票销售收入显著增长,由 2011 116.4 亿元增长至 2016 年的 248.3 亿元,增长率 113.3%

1-5 东北地区福利体彩销售情况

数据来源:国家统计局网站

1-6 东北地区福利体彩站点数量

数据来源:国家统计局网站

5. 慈善透明度不断提高

2011 年慈善组织产生了诸多关于慈善行业的负面信息,公众对于慈善行业的信任也受到了较大的影响,东北地区的基金慈善透明度从 2011 年之后也呈现 下降趋势。但是从行业整体情况来看,由于行业自律载体的增多和包括政府在内的外部监督主体监督力度的加大,其透明水平还是出现了一定的提升。以辽宁省为例,基金会透明度排名从 2010 的第 21 名到 2014 年的第 10 名, 14 年之后稳定在 10 名左右,基金会透明度处于稳步提升中。当然,不可否认的东北地区慈善透明程度差异较大,各地区在信息公开程度以及范围的把握上也各有不同,黑龙江吉林内蒙古地区透明度较辽宁省明显靠后,这也正是这些地区慈善事业需要不断加以完善和强化的重要环节

1-7 东北各省份慈善透明度 FTI 指数

数据来源:基金会中心网

1-8 辽宁省基金会透明度和全国排名

数据来源:基金会中心网

6. 社会慈善救助意识不断提高

经历 90 年代前期发展和 98 年抗洪救灾,慈善事业已经深入人心。尤其是 98 年抗洪救灾之后,经历洪水考验的东北地区慈善事业有了进一步发展。这一发展一方面表现在各地慈善机构的增加及慈善设施的完善,另一个表现是民众给参与热情提高,慈善活动日益经常化。由于各地慈善机构的增加及慈善设施的不断完善,原来许多慈善救济方面的临时性措施日益转向经常化,这些活动包括:救助特困户 慈善助学、慈善医疗救助 安老助残等项目。其特点是立足本社区 扎根群众 从群众中来 到群众中去。

7 、东北慈善文化的社会主义慈善观

由于长期受计划经济体制的影响,东北地区的慈善事业也呈现出与其他地区不同的特点。与其他地区的慈善组织或团体表现突出的情况不同,东北地区慈善更多呈现出先进个人事迹,从新中国成立时期乐于助人的雷锋,到当代 “全国劳动模范”郭明义,体现了东北地区特色鲜明的计划经济体制下的社会主义慈善,而这也与东北地区长期受计划经济体制影响下形成的集体主义慈善文化密不可分。得益于在东北热情乐于助人人文历史环境,这种“一方有难八方支援”的慈善文化必将会传承下去, “舍己为公”的个人慈善先进人物也必将会不断涌现。

三、东北地区慈善事业发展小结

起源于清末的东北慈善事业,经历了外资入侵、日俄战争、军阀混战、日本侵略、国共内战等近代一些列重大历史事件,诞生于日俄战争期间的上海万国红十字会是中华慈善总会的前身,东北地区的慈善事业发展历程可以说是近代中国慈善事业发展的缩影。经历了改革开放前的沉积,进入新时期后,吉林省、辽宁省相继成立慈善总会,领全国之先。当前东北地区的慈善事业处于历史发展的较好时期,机构数量及从业人员、法制建设、资金来源等各项指标均保持稳定增长态势。

根据中华慈善总会发布的中华慈善年鉴及基金会中心网公布的数据,从横向看,与全国其他地区相比较,东北地区慈善事业发展速度相对滞后。以东北地区慈善事业发展最好的辽宁省为例, 2016 年全国社会组织 662425 家,社会捐赠物资价值 659.7 亿元,同期辽宁省的数据为 20137 家和 4.3 亿元,只占全国的不到 0.7% 。同时各项指标较北京上海及东南沿海江浙及福建广东等地 在慈善机构数量、发展规模、社会物资捐赠及公益金支出等方面仍有差距。从内部来看,东北地区慈善机构分布不均衡、慈善资金不充裕、地域间发展不平衡等近代以来慈善发展中暴露的问题仍未得到彻底解决。

第二部分 传统慈善活动

慈善在中国具有丰富的文化含义 它既指人与人之间的关心、爱护和帮助的行为 又指人对人的一种心态 包括同情心、怜悯心等 。在中国慈善是有文化基础的,优秀的中华传统文化是慈善在中国世代传承。以“仁爱”为核心的古代慈善文化、以“救国”为核心的近代慈善文、以“效率”为核心的近代慈善文化无不体现了中国慈善大国地位。

东北地区拥有着优秀文化基础,是中国慈善事业的急先锋。东北地区由于其战略位置的重要性以及自然资源的丰富性,历来是帝国主义列强的角逐对象,因此,自第一次鸦片战争开始,东北境内战乱频仍、战火纷飞,鸦片战争、甲午战争、日俄战争等一系列战争的直接后果就是造成了大量的难民、破坏了社会生产力的发展,给当时东北社会带来了巨大的灾难。此外,近代东北地区水系丰富,全境以辽河、松花江、黑龙江流域三个区域为主体,全年水灾频发、灾害不断,据不完全统计,近代东北全境受灾州县总计 1217 次,其中,全境范围内大水年共计 9 次,给社会和人民带来了巨大的灾难。各种天灾人祸的频繁发生,引发了诸多社会问题,面对大量的贫民、灾民、难民、移民、游民等弱势群体的客观存在,政府和社会各界纷纷采取各种救济措施,赈灾救荒、普济广大灾黎百姓,但是在当时的历史背景下,东北地方政府及社会各界采取哪些措施开展救助?官方与民间社会是怎样互动?慈善组织又是如何设立、筹资以及壮大 这些已经成 为人们关注的焦点。

一、 公益慈善组织

201 6 年是辉煌的一年,是全中国儿女盼望的一年,是中国慈善事业值得期待的一年。就中国慈善信息平台发布的消息来看,全国慈善捐赠 慈善组织 数量 照比往年都有所增加。 截止 2016 12 31 日, 根据已收录的慈善组织所披露的信息汇总 如下表 2-1

2-1 2016 年中国慈善事业基本情况

类别

慈善捐赠

慈善组织

慈善项目

志愿服务

指标名称

直接接收捐赠总额

机构年度捐赠总额

个人年度捐赠总额

慈善组织总量

基金会数量

慈善会数量

社会组织收入总计

专职工作人员总量

慈善项目总支出

志愿者人数

数量

5 317.14 万元

4 328.48 万元

1 257.12 万元

4 148 个

2 174 个

714 个

6 817.06 万元

8 810 人

309 936.13 万元

1 496 554 人

数据来源:中华人民共和国民政部官网

从表中我们可以看出全国慈善组织数量是 4148 个,其中基金会数量为 2174 个占据慈善组织数量的二分之一。从慈善捐赠善款来看机构组织捐赠占主要部分。而个人捐赠占五分之一。基金会是全国慈善的主要形式,基金会发展是十分明显,基金会服务领域也是逐渐拓展。慈善从业者也逐渐由兼职转变为全职,可见慈善变得越来越专业化,分工更明确。东北慈善情况与全国类似但又有其具体的特点。

(一) 公益慈善组织数量

东北慈善事业向来是全国慈善事业的领头羊。近些年来的成绩有目共睹, 面临当前东北经济下行压力较大,经济结构转型升级,社会问题的凸显促使东北慈 善事业呈现加速发展态势

 

2-1 东北慈善组织数量占全国慈善组织数量比重

资料来源:慈善信息平台

2-1 为东北与全国的慈善组织数量饼状图,东北慈善组织数量占全国慈善组织数量大约在百分之八左右。东北 GDP 占全国的百分之十三左右,可见东北慈善组织数量照比经济发展还是比较缓慢。东北地区经济不景气,慈善事业更应该得到发展,东北地区慈善潜力巨大。

2-2 2016 年东北地区慈善组织形式分布

资料来源:慈善信息平台

2-3 2016 年全国慈善组织形式分布

资料来源:慈善信息平台

就东北中各省而言情况相对接近,由图 2-2 可以看出基金会是东北慈善事业的主要形式,占百分之七十八而社会团体是另一种主要形式,占百分之二十一。

2-3 为全国慈善组织类型分布图。由图对比我们可以分析出东北慈善组织类型与全国慈善组织类型有所不同,东北慈善组织类型中没有免登记团体,东北慈善管理要求相对严格可见一斑。其他类型慈善组织东北地区都存在。由两图对比可以看出,东北地区基金会较多,但民办企业慈善团体相对较少。其主要原因可能是东北经济不发达,使得民办企业慈善不能够很好的在东北发展。未来东北慈善组织类型发展也可以适当的向民办企业形式方向发展。境外组织在全国范围看来数量少,可见慈善发展主要还是集中在国内。这也与中国“家”文化密切相关。

 

2-4 2016 年东北地区慈善组织形式分类统计图

资料来源:慈善信息平台

由图 2-4 可以看出全国慈善机构形式主要集中在基金会,社会团体,民办企业这三种,东北则更加集中在前两种。东北地区民办企业慈善机构比较少。事业单位全国有 56 家而东北地区就少之又少了, 可见在慈善事业上事业单位做的明显不足。

(二) 公益慈善组织服务领域

2-5 2016 年东北地区慈善组织服务类型分布图

资料来源:慈善信息平台

2-6 2016 年全国慈善组织服务类型分布图

资料来源:慈善信息平台

由图 2-5 可以看出东北地区慈善服务领域主要集中在人类服务、教育、扶贫发展、减灾救灾、医疗这五大领域之中。其中人类服务最大,接近三分之一,而人类服务与教育之和占到百分之五十。可见东北地区服务与教育相对不足促使慈善机构与组织进行这方面服务。与全国对比也可以看出东北地区的这种慈善组织服务领域的不均衡现象。由全国的慈善组织服务类型分布图,我们可以得到如下结论。就全国范围来看慈善服务领域比较分散,但与东北相同的是在人类服务、教育、医疗、减灾与救灾、扶贫与发展五个领域是相对集中的服务领域。

2-7 全国与东北慈善组织服务类型分布图

资料来源:慈善信息平台

由图 2-7 可以看出 东北经济发展不好的影响 东北地区 慈善组织 在扶贫领域投入比较大。全国范围内人类服务、教育、医疗减灾救灾与扶贫发展是 慈善组织的 主要 服务 领域。而东北地区却主要集中在人 类服务、教育、扶贫发展领域。在其余领域从全国来看分布比较均匀。

二、辽宁省慈善情况简介

(一)辽宁 慈善款项综述

统计表明, 2010 6 月至 2016 年末,辽宁省慈善总会共筹集慈善款物 19 亿元,其中资金 3.87 亿元,捐赠物资折款 15.13 亿元。坚持政府大力推动、社会广泛动员、公众积极参与的全方位募捐理念,逐步形成常态化的募捐机制。以政府购买服务投入为引导,带动社会各界参与慈善捐赠, 7 年来政府累计投入资金 1.8 亿多元,委托省慈善总会实施了一系列民生工程和福彩公益金助困、助医、助学项目。以灾害应急为契机,广筹救灾资金。在甘肃玉树和四川雅安地震、抚顺特大洪涝等自然灾害救助中,省慈善总会募集款物 7700 万元,使扶危济困有了厚重的物质基础。

(二)辽宁 慈善工作总结

以项目需求为重点,形成定向募捐主渠道。省慈善总会与中华慈善总会、中国移动慈善基金会、澳门明德慈善会、吴阶平基金会、韩国衣恋集团等公益慈善机构合作,先后实施了癌症患者药物援助、微笑列车、中国移动爱“心”行动、辽宁慈善光明行、明德辽宁慈善行、衣恋助学、脑瘫救助、爱心献功臣等 20 多个慈善项目。截至目前,募集资金 5000 多万元。

省慈善总会先后组织开展了省孤儿学校搬迁捐助活动,募集援建和救助资金 1400 多万元 ; 积极配合省政协开展“爱心帮扶行动”,捐赠 1000 多万元 ; 与上海增爱基金会开展“增爱护苗行动 —— 辽宁行”活动,募集资金 150 万元危难之时,彰显了扶危济困大爱精神。

(三)辽宁省 2016 年检合格基金会名称汇总

2-1 辽宁省 2016 年检合格基金会名称汇总

基金会名称

基金会名称

辽宁省爱梦成真青年发展基金会

丹东市公安民警救助基金会

沈阳市教育基金会

辽宁省大连交通大学教育基金会

大连市青少年发展基金会

辽宁省东北财经大学教育基金会

辽宁省辽宁水利职业学院教育基金会

大连市教育基金会

辽宁省抚顺市爱心教育基金会

大连市公安民警救助基金会

辽宁省大连海洋大学教育发展基金会

辽宁省大连理工大学教育发展基金会

辽宁省公益基金会

辽宁省红十字基金会

抚顺市雷锋基金会

辽宁省光复眼病防治基金会

沈阳市志愿者服务基金会

辽宁省妇女儿童基金会

辽宁省残疾人福利基金会

辽宁省大连海事大学教育发展基金会

葫芦岛市教育基金会

辽宁省大连外国语大学教育发展基金会

辽宁省辽宁大学教育基金会

辽宁省教育基金会

大连民族大学教育发展基金会

辽宁省辽宁师范大学教育基金会

辽宁省辽宁石油化工大学教育发展基金会

沈阳化工大学教育基金会

沈阳农业大学教育基金会

朝阳市公安民警救助基金会

本溪市公安民警救助基金会

辽宁省兴隆大家庭大病救助基金会

辽宁省国防教育基金会

辽宁省见义勇为基金会

辽宁省众德慈善基金会

辽宁省周延慈善基金会

辽宁省青年创业基金会

营口市鲅鱼圈区慈善基金会

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

数据来源:辽宁省社会组织网

辽宁省善慈服务领域主要集中在人类服务 教育 、医疗、减灾与救灾。其中人类服务有 54 家机构,教育有 41 家机构,医疗为 12 家机构,减灾与救灾为 8 家机构,扶贫与发展为 29 家机构,生态环境为 1 家,科技为 2 家机构,文化 4 家机构,体育 2 家机构,法律援助 2 家机构,公共事业 2 社区发展 3 家机构 国际交流为 2 家机构 志愿服务 5 家机构 人口与性别 2 家机构,公共慈善行业发展 2 家机构 就业服务 1 家机构 人权 1 家机构 其他 14 机构。

三、黑龙江省慈善情况介绍

(一)黑龙江 慈善团体

2017 年黑龙江省民政厅公布了全省性社会组织评估结果,其中社会组织包括学术、专业性、行业性社会团体、基金会、体育类、文化类、科技类民办非企业单位。其中黑龙江慈善总会被评为 5a 级社会团体。其他基金会见下表 2-2

2-2 黑龙江省 5a 级基金会名单

5A级基金会

哈尔滨工程大学教育发展基金会

哈尔滨理工大学教育发展基金会

黑龙江中医药大学教育发展基金会

哈尔滨市南岗区残疾人福利基金会

大庆市残疾人福利基金会

4 A级基金会

哈尔滨市香 坊区残疾人福利基金会

哈尔滨工业大 学附属中学教育发张基金

亚布力企业 家论坛发展研究基金会

齐齐哈尔大 学教育发展基金会

大庆市 妇女儿童基金会

3A级基金会

黑龙江省佳木斯大学教育发展基金会

黑龙江省垦区一戒水稻科技发展基金会

 

 

 

数据来源:黑龙江省政府官网

由表格可以看出 5A 级基金会,有大学基金会三个和俩个残疾人基金会。所以可以说明教育投入和残疾人投入工作是黑龙江省今后需要加强的工作重点之一。 黑龙江 省善慈服务领域主要集中在人类服务、教育、医疗、减灾与救灾。其中人类服务有 5 0 家机构,教育有 25 家机构,医疗为 4 家机构,减灾与救灾为 3 家机构,扶贫与发展为 15 家机构,生态环境为 1 家,科技为 5 家机构,文化 3 家机构,体育 1 家机构 社区发展 3 家机构 国际交流为 1 家机构 志愿服务 4 家机构 人口与性别 2 家机构,公共慈善行业发展 2 家机构 就业服务 2 家机构 其他 1 3 机构。

(二)黑龙江 慈善工作

2020 年,全省计划 实现 211 万农村贫困人口脱贫目标, 28 个贫困县要全部摘帽。因此全省各级慈善组织都勇于担当,主动发力,汇聚社会资源,织牢民生安全网。在省民政厅的指导下,坚持创新慈善理念,打造“开放慈善”,将慈善与教育、文化、科学、卫生、体育、环保等事业结合起来,促进慈善与投资、金融、商业等领域相融合,催生“社会企业”“公益银行”等兼具公益和市场双重属性的创新业态。黑龙江省慈善总会始终贯彻“面向社会,以社会救助为中心”的工作方针,大力倡导“以人为本,慈善为怀”的社会互助精神,积极开展各类扶贫帮困救助活动,截至目前,总会已累计开展助医、助学、扶老、助孤、助残、赈灾等活动几十项,共筹集捐赠款物合计近 32.46 亿元,救助人(次)达 357.9 万人次。通过二十年来的努力运作,着力打造了“爱心车票”“邮储送光明”等一系列品牌救助项目,设立了“黑龙江省慈善总会龙广爱心基金”“夜航助学基金”“英联教育基金”等 10 项慈善冠名基金,建立了 426 个“慈善超市”和经常 性捐助站点 2000 个,推动了经常性捐助活动 的开展。在历次抗灾救灾工作中,他们也全力以赴,发挥了应有的作用。

(三)黑龙江代表慈善项目总结

表2-3 黑龙江省慈善项目

项目内容

项目贡献

2008 年汶川地震抗震救灾

2006 情系黑土 恩怀龙江”十大慈善人物、十佳公益企业评选

“慈善阳光,爱在春天”慈善义演晚会

抗震救灾捐赠资金接收及使用情况新闻发布会

“爱的奉献 —— 纪念汶川地震一周年”慈善晚会

首届“龙江慈善奖”评选颁奖大会等活动

关爱明日栋梁

夕阳红助老

情暖孤儿

各界捐款 4.52 亿元

带动社会参与慈善

改善慈善环境,净化慈善土壤

扶贫救灾

 

 

 

发展义工队伍已发展到 6 万多人

数据来源:黑龙江慈善总会官网

(四)慈善活动代表市介绍

绥化市先后被评为全国“六星级”慈善城市,市慈善总会被中华慈善总会授予“中华慈善突出贡献奖”。 绥化市先后建立 了县(市、区)设慈善会、乡 ( ) 设慈善分会、村 ( 社区 ) 设慈善服务站、屯设慈善专管员的慈善组织架构,建 立完善了《行业自律制度》《慈善工作人员守则》等规章制度。

四、吉林省慈善情况介绍

(一)吉林省基金会情况介绍

经过调研。现将已调研的吉林省基金会大致划分为以下 3 种类型。 (1) 具有政府背景的基金会,是指那些由政府机构牵头创办,依托政府资源,并运用行政权力实施管理的基金会类型。此类基金会在全省共计 46 家,占比为 58.23% (2) 大学教育基金会,是指那些由高校组织成立,依托高校婆源,从事与高校息息相关的业务活动的基金会类型。此类基金会在省共计 13 家,占比为 16.46% (3) 企业基金会,是指那些由一个或多个企业组织成立,依附企业资源,以企业名义开展公益活动的基金会类型。其中国企类 4 家,民企类 8 家,共计 12 家,占比为 15.19%

按是否可以面向公众进行募捐分类 在全省 79 家基金会中,公募基金会 24 家,占比为 30. 38 % ,非公募基金会 55 家,占比为 69.62% ,非公募基金会的数量和比例已经远远超过公募基金会的数量和比例。

按基金会发起方的单位性质分类 具有政府背景的基金会 46 家,占比为 58. 23 %; 大学教育基金会 13 家,占比为 16.46%; 企业基金会 12 家,占比为 15.19% 其中国企类 4 家,民企类 8 ; 其他类基金会占比为 10.13% 。从全省范围看,具有政府背景的基金会占据明显的优势地位占比接近 60% ,远远领先于企业和教育类基金会。同时企业基金会作为一种新兴的甚全令举型巾,开始发展起来,特别是近年来,一些有影响力、有公益慈善热情的民营企业家,为了彰显社会责任,回报社会,纷纷成立基金会,积极投身于公益慈善事业。大学教育基金会依托其丰富的校友资源也是近年来成长迅速的基金会类型,不论是在数量上还是在资产规模上都具有很大的发展潜力。

按照基金会的功能分类 主要有资助型、运作型、资助运作综合型基金会。吉林省目前的基金会中 90% 是以运作自身项目为主的资助运作综合型基金会,还没有出现完全以资助其他社会组织成长发展为主要目标或使命的基金会。

按照国民经济的行业分类标准 吉林省基金会以社会服务领域和教育领域为主,其他依次是政法服务类、医疗卫生救助和环境保护类,从领域分布上可以看出,吉林省基金会呈现如下特点。 (1) 领域开始进一步扩展。虽然传统的安老、扶幼、助学、济困、助残、救灾等慈善领域还占主导地位,但是已经开始拓展到环境保护、法律服务等公益领域。 {2) 社会服务和教育领域占据主导。在全省 79 家基金会中,一半以上基金会的服务项目主要是围绕传统的扶贫济弱和资助贫困学生展开的,覆盖人群比较集中,但这可能造成基金会项目的重叠和资源的重复利用。

(二) 2017 年吉林省慈善项目介绍

2-4 吉林省慈善项目

项目名称

救助对象

“生命之光”儿童先天性心脏病救助项目

吉林省内城乡低保户、农村困难户、重点优抚对象家庭、孤残儿童及因突发性事故等原因造成贫困的低保边缘家庭的(0-14岁先天性心脏病儿童)

“慈善救助情暖万家、'项目

城乡低保户、边缘尸、灾民等困难群体

“慈善日”项目

农村低保户、低保边缘尸及贫困户等困难群体

“慈善救助圆梦大学”项目

城乡低保户、特困户的子女及孤残学生中的优秀考生

“关爱生命”外科大病救助项目

吉林省内城乡低保户、农村低保边缘户中色有股骨头坏死需手术治打的患者

城镇贫困妇女“两癌”医疗救助项目

吉林省内城镇低保户中患有乳腺癌和宫颈癌的患者

白内障免费救治项目

吉林省内享有医保及新农合的白内障患者

微笑列车”唇愕裂免费治疗项目

唇腾裂患者

神华爱心行动”项目

吉林省内贫困家庭中一至两岁儿重白血病及先心病患儿

慈善赠药项目

经项目指定医疗中心注册医生医学评佑为符合 各药品适应症的低保病人及自愿申请加入项目的患者

资料来源 : 吉林省慈善总会

(三)基金会收人情况

原始基金也是基金会对外公示和社会评价其规模与实力的一个非常直观的参考指标。截至 2014 年底,吉林省基金会的注册原始基金共计 2.94 亿元,其中,公募基金会共计 1.17 亿元,占比为 39.8% ,非公募基金会共计 1.77 亿元,占比为 60.2% 。原始基金在 1000 万元以上的有 4 ( 见表 1) 占基金会总数的 5%; 原始基金在 500 万元以以上的有 6 家,占比为 7.6% 。平均每家基金会的原始基金为 372 万元。

表2-5 原始基金超过 1000 万的基金会

基金会名称

原始基金   单位:万元

吉林省教育基金会

吉林省人才开发基金会

吉林省神华社会救助基金会

古林省富奥汽车技术与管理创新基金会

1820

1000

1000

3566

资料来源:基金会蓝皮书

金会的收人主要包括扔赠收人、提供服务和商品销售收入、政府补助收入、投资收益和其他收入,其中捐赠收入是主要收人来源 2014 年,吉林省墓金会年度总收人为 2. 47 亿元,其中,捐赠收入 1.94 亿元,占比为 78. 77 % ,政府补助 0. 44 亿元,占比为 17. 77 % 投资收益 0.02 亿元,占比为 0. 95 % ,其他收人 0.06 亿元,占比为 2. 51% 。吉林省从金会收入主要特点包括以下几点。

捐赠收人是最主要的收入来源,和全国的情形大体一致。境内捐赠是主体,境外捐赠贡献甚微,随着我闰经济实力的增强,境外捐可能会继续减少 :

政府补助收人是墓金会的第二大收人来源,政府的资金注人扩充了基金会的 财富宝库,基金会的发展离不开政府的扶持。资产的投资收益不高,仅占总体收人的 0.95 % ,资产保值增值的水平和积极性还有待提升,面对通货膨胀和独立性的挑战,基金会保值增值的压力也越来越大。

从数据上看 . 全国基金会的管理费用比例远低于《基金会管理条例》的规定,公益成本效率很高,吉林省的管理费用高于全国水平 . 公益成本效率低于全国水平,这并不说明吉林省的基金会运作效率低 ; 《基金会管理条例》规定,基金会人员工资福利和行政办公费用比例不得超过当年总支出的 10% ,此项规定用于约束基金会的运作规范性及提高公益资金的使用效率,但并不意味管理费用越低越好,而应根据从金会的运作类型和具体情况而定、合理、高效地使用捐款是最终目的,为保证基金会项目的良好运作 . 产生相应的费用是合理的,所以基金会的管理费用并非越低越好,而应该维持在一个适度的范润。公益是有成本的,尤其是自己独立运作项目的基金会 . 必然需要一定的行政成本及人力支出,否则将无法维系组织正常的运作。

(四)基金会信息公开情况

公开透明是基金会公信力建设的重要手段。越来越多的基金会开始成立网站、创办刊物。当然,拥有网站和刊物不代表基金会一定公开透明,公布的内容应该包括公开募捐、支出及成本,以及简洁易懂的公益活动收支明细及对象、财务会计报告等,这方便社会对基金会的监督,同时也建立和增进社会对基金会的了解和信任。在政府的重视和监督以及公众舆论的压力下,吉林省基金会信息公开意识日益增强。吉林省已经建立了社会组织信息披露平台,通过“吉林省社会组织网”开始对基金会实行信息披露制度,包括基金会的基本情况、年检报告以及财务报表等。吉林省继续加大信息披露的力度,对基金会的重大活动情况、资产财务状况、接受捐赠资助情况等实行公开,接受公众监督。吉林省大部分基金会公布公益项目和资金流向的载体是网站。 吉林 省善慈服务领域主要集中在人类服务、教育、医疗、减灾与救灾。其中人类服务有 5 8 家机构,教育有 32 家机构,医疗为 1 0 家机构,减灾与救灾为 3 家机构,扶贫与发展为 2 1 家机构,生态环境为 4 家,科技为 6 家机构,文化 3 家机构,体育 1 家机构,法律援助 2 家机构,公共 事业 3 社区发展 4 家机构 志愿服务 6 家机构 人口与性别 1 家机构,公共慈善行业发展 3 家机构 就业服务 3 家机构 ,民族发展 1 家机构, 人权 2 家机构 其他 1 3 机构。

五、 内蒙古自治区慈善情况介绍

(一) 内蒙古基金会汇总

内蒙古民政厅 据民政部《慈善组织认定办法》要求,经审核,认定 18 家社会组织为全区首批慈善组织。经认定审核,首批基金会具有募捐许可。

2-7 首批认定审核基金会

慈善组织名称

慈善组织名称

内蒙古自治区慈善总会

内蒙古慈雨爱心协会

鄂托克旗教育基金会

内蒙古伊利公益基金会

伊金霍洛旗扶贫基金会

内蒙古何文公益基金会

内蒙古靖学公益基金会

内蒙古社会扶贫基金会

内蒙古云曙碧公益基金会

内蒙古自治区残疾人福利基金会

老牛基金会

内蒙古乌拉特后旗盛安爱心济困基金会

内蒙古沪蒙资本市场发展基金会

内蒙古鄂尔多斯扶贫基金会

伊金霍洛旗玉良爱心基金会

内蒙古自治区青少年发展基金会

内蒙古公益事业发展基金会

达拉特旗教育基金会

 

资料来源:内蒙古自治区政府信息公开平台

 

表2-8 二批认定审核基金会

慈善组织名称

慈善组织名称

伊金霍洛旗特殊人群救助发展基金会

内蒙古包头市青山区教育基金会

内蒙古鸿雁慈善基金会

乌兰夫基金会

内蒙古清格尔泰蒙古语言文化基金会

阿拉善生态基金会

呼伦贝尔扶贫基金会

鄂尔多斯市人民教育基金会和乌审旗人民教育基金会

内蒙古擎源教育基金会

科左后旗扶贫助学基金会

呼和浩特市赛罕区新希望教育发展基金会

 

鄂尔多斯成吉思汗基金会

伊金霍洛旗少数民族发展基金会

内蒙古民族青年文化艺术基金会

鄂尔多斯市残疾人福利基金会

内蒙古霍林郭勒市吾义救助基金会

巴彦淖尔市人民教育基金会

乌兰浩特市城乡困难群众大病医疗救助基金会

内蒙古汇能慈善基金会

内蒙古民族大学教育基金会

内蒙古纳贡蒙医公益基金会

 

资料来源:内蒙古自治区政府信息公开平台

有内蒙首批认定基金会情况来看,可以发现慈善服务领域多集中在扶贫助困上。内蒙古经济发展缓慢说明也可以透过慈善基金会情况窥得一二。内蒙古地区基金会还是主要慈善组织形式,也就是说内蒙古地区慈善活动还是以募集资金为主要内容。内蒙古是游牧民族聚集区,游牧民族文化需要得到保护,由第二批基金会可以看出文化基金已经开始在内蒙古有所发展。教育是内蒙古薄弱环节慈善基金会在教育环节上投入可见一斑,内蒙古经济落后就会使教育落后,教育落后又制约经济,所以教育发展才是从根本上解决问题。 你噩梦古 善慈服务领域主要集中在人类服务、教育、医疗、减灾与救灾。其中人类服务有 32 家机构,教育有 4 2 家机构,医疗为 1 1 家机构,减灾与救灾为 8 家机构,扶贫与发展为 30 家机构,生态环境为 8 家,科技为 5 家机构,文化 17 家机构,体育 1 家机构,公共事业 4 社区发展 2 家机构 国际交流为 3 家机构 志愿服务 3 家机构 公共慈善行业发展 1 家机构 其他 1 2 机构。

(二) 内蒙古慈善项目汇总

2-9 内蒙古慈善项目

项目名称

项目内容

格列卫项目,达希纳项目

 

易瑞沙项目、特罗凯项目

多吉美项目

安维汀项目

倍泰龙项目

全可利项目,万他维项目

全区贫困家庭儿童重大疾病慈善救助老牛专项基金

 

 

为慢粒性白血病和肠胃间质瘤患者免费 提供药品援助

为肺癌患者免费提供药品援助

为肾癌患者免费提供药品援助

为转移性直结肠癌患者免费提供药品援助

为多发性硬化症患者免费提供药品援助

为肺动脉高压患者免费提供药品援助

救助对象为具有内蒙古自治区户籍的城乡低保家庭0—18周岁先天性心脏病、白血病、肾病、恶性肿瘤患儿

 

数据来源:内蒙古自治区人民政府门户网

 

项目名称

项目内容

友成小鹰计划

2011年-2012年度,小鹰计划共组织43名青年深入15个贫困地区项目点,参与执行包括CDD在内的扶贫项目14个,并自主研发实施项目13个,在基层乡村累积服务时间60280小时。

友成志愿者驿站

组织专业志愿者奔赴河北、内蒙、广西等贫困地区,参与当地教育、科技、卫生等领域的持续性扶贫服务

内蒙古地区生态保护与恢复项目

老牛基金会创新实践了引进捐赠的办法,即基金会对项目捐赠多少金额,美国大自然保护协会即投入多少金额。在此项目中,基金会捐赠美金450万美元(约合3000万人民币),大自然保护协议相应的也对项目捐赠美金450万美元(约合3000万人民币)。

友成常青义教

2011-2012年,常青义教已在全国七个省16个县贫困乡镇学校开展常青义教,招募志愿者2118人,共提供志愿服务10.5万小时,驻点学校33所,受益学校375所,受益教师12273人次,受益学生147399人次。

对困难群众进行救助

开展大型捐助活动并对乌兰浩特市112名大病困难群众进行救助, 救助款发放905429.00元。管理费用86668.93元。

数据来源:慈善信息平台

由上表可以发现内蒙古慈善活动多集中在医疗救助,可见医疗环境恶劣是内蒙古的现实情况。但随着国家对内蒙古的投入加大,国家经济形式好转,内蒙古整体环境会得到改善,内蒙古慈善形式也会逐渐由单一转向多样,转向专业化。但现实情况是内蒙古气候环境恶劣,医疗条件简陋,慈善还需要在医疗方面加强,最主要还是政府加大投入才能从根本上解决内蒙古医疗问题。由于蒙古话与汉语相差比较大,说以语言是制约内蒙发展的原因之一,内蒙古慈善信息多是蒙语,使得信息透明度略显不足。

第三部分 慈善 创新

一、慈善 + 互联网——以互联网技术为支撑的人人公益

(一)“慈善 + 互联网”发展概述

“互联网 + ”颠覆了许多行业的传统模式,公益慈善也不例外。慈善行业在潜移默化中不断加入互联网元素,从传统慈善模式向新型慈善模式发生转变。

“慈善 + 互联网”是指慈善事业依托互联网的互动性、无地域限制特点,以及网络在团结和凝聚个体参与慈善活动方面具备的天然优势,正逐步搭建起一个低门槛、透明化、方便快捷且高效互动的网络公益大平台,更重要的是把原来由少数企业、团体或个人参与的 慈善活动 ,变成了人人便于参与的 社会公益 全民运动。 99 公益日”就是一个很好的尝试,它架起了一个很好的平台,动员了全社会广泛参与。 2015 年首届 99 公益日, 205 万爱心网友捐款 1.279 亿元,创下国内互联网的募捐记录 ;2016 99 公益日,腾讯公益慈善基金会的配捐金额首次达到 1.9999 亿,产生了巨大的撬动效应,更多公益机构和项目参与配捐资金池。网络捐赠平台募集善款的规模不断扩大,带动公益行业的新生态重塑,慈善与商业结合愈发紧密,出现了捐赠与购物相结合、捐赠与新媒体直播同步等新型网络捐赠方式 以往单纯捐赠特定公益项目的传统捐赠模式逐渐转向基于机构信任与 行业生态建设的公益资助 2.0 模式 ; 移动化和社交化所孕育的多元化公益方式涌现,“指尖公益”成为全民热潮,以网民为代表的平民捐赠发展迅速。据有关数据显示, 2014 年中国个人捐助中的移动端用户高达 84% 85% ,已经凸显出中国式互联网公益的结构特征。随着捐赠机制和参与机制的成熟,“慈善+互联网”的理念逐步深入人心,并且渗透到每个人的生活中。

2016 1 月的知乎“大 V ”童谣网络诈骗案件, 2 月的德国留学轻松筹网络诈捐事件, 3 月的李小璐爱心捐款被骗事件都引发热议,凸显了网络募捐监管问题的迫切性。 2016 8 22 日,民政部配合 9 月即将生效的《慈善法》公布首批共 13 家入选的慈善组织互联网募捐信息平台名单。

3-1 《慈善法》公布的 13 家互联网募捐信息平台

 

基金会

募捐平台

1 1

腾讯公益慈善基金会

腾讯公益网络募捐平台

2 2

浙江淘宝网络有限公司

淘宝网

3 3

浙江蚂蚁小微金融服务集团有限公司

蚂蚁金服公益平台

4 4

北京微梦创科网络技术有限公司

新浪-微博(微公益)

5 5

北京轻松筹网络科技有限公司

轻松筹

6

中国慈善联合会

中国慈善信息平台

7

网银在线(北京)科技有限公司

京东公益

8

北京恩玖非营利组织发展研究中心

基金会中心网

9 9

百度在线网络技术(北京)有限公司

百度慈善捐助平台

10 10

北京厚普聚益科技有限公司

公益宝

11

新华网股份有限公司

新华公益服务平台

12 12

上海联劝公益基金会

联劝网

13

广州市慈善会

广州市慈善会慈善信息平台

数据来源:《慈善法》

(二)公众参与互联网慈善情况——互联网公益观

1. 公众的互联网公益参与情况

随着互联网技术的不断创新和社交媒体的兴起,公益事业在“互联网+”时代得到了新的发展机遇,公益参与门槛不断降低,公益捐赠不断透明化,公益组织操作日趋规范化,通过互联网参与公益正在成为公众的一种普通生活方式。

公众参与公益活动的热情较高。调查显示,在过去一年中,有30.6%的受访者参与过公益组织举办的活动,有66.7%的受访者有参与公益活动的意愿。与此相近,有32.8%的受访者在过去一年中曾是某个公益机构的全职或兼职成员,尽管不是公益组织成员但仍有意向加入的受访者比例也达到了56.9%。同时,在过去的一年中,平均每位受访者通过任意网络平台(微信、QQ、微博、支付宝等)捐款的次数在1.6次,平均捐款金额在89.1元。

Donations still the main form of public participation in the public Internet. 64.6% of respondents chose the platform through donations, 47.8% of respondents chose to donate items to the platform or the organizers, the ratio of volunteers to become public activities was 34.5%, as professionals / part-time staff and NGOs themselves the proportion of public service activities were initiated less than two percent. Single donation from the project point of view, the highest proportion of respondents were involved in a "rescue network platform to see the disease" and "poverty relief project", 63.3% and 53.9% respectively, "friends and family forwarded the serious illness relief" proportion at 47.1%, while environmental projects, the proportion of animals involved in the protection of only about three percent. Visible, helping rescue still the main reason to attract public donations. Statistics show that 51.1 percent of respondents said they have been in the circle of friends donated a few steps, 43.1% of respondents forwarded the messages of various types of public projects, but also about Sancheng respondents had to delete spam, support environmental signature, voice and other acts donate. As seen above, in an increasingly rich Internet public service activities in the form of the moment, there is still a majority of respondents only donations, volunteer public service activities and other traditional projects as involved in the public interest, and in the circle of friends has become a trend sun a few steps, the sound donate online diary note of environmental protection, etc., although the large number involved, but easily overlooked as a public carrier, which donated part of the number of steps people may not realize has contributed a force for the common good, public understanding of the concept of public Internet remains to be deepened.

2. public awareness of the situation of the Internet public platform

Relying on the public platform social tools and more trusted by the public. According to the survey, most respondents before the trusted provider of Internet donation information platform five were Tencent public, China Charity Information platform, Sina Weibo micro-public, public service platform and ant gold Taobao, Baidu and Jingdong public platform also over a third of the respondents selected. Overall, Tencent microblogging, ants gold dress public platform relies on its large user base, has a natural advantage in the publicity and promotion, such as Tencent public use micro-channel platform called user to show love through donated a few steps to create wide-reaching force and topicality of the "99 day public" brand, ants gold dress implanted the concept of public service by affecting user payment habits and other behavior, reduce the threshold for public participation in public service, to create a more open and transparent information public information platform, but also for the traditional public public agencies involved in the internet platform and provide technical supervision channels, to form a "public good for all" a good social atmosphere has played a positive role.

Information disclosure, standardized operation is a major factor in the Internet public platform to attract audiences. Survey showed that 89.4% of respondents believe that through the Internet platform, to attract more people concerned about the public welfare. From a technical platform itself, the Internet in particular, various mobile Internet portal, connecting effect is gradually increased. Has a huge social relationships chain platform, public organizations initiated public welfare activities they may share spontaneous forwarding, and finally presents multi-level communication, which greatly expanded the influence of the public, to attract many people's attention. From the point of view of the characteristics of the Internet public platform, open and transparent information (60.1%), operating more standardized platform (43.8%), the official public policy vigorously support the development of the Internet (43.7%) and a smooth channel donations convenience (40.3%) are attracting more the main reason most public through the internet platform for public participation.

Of course, there are 10.6% of respondents believe that the Internet public platform that he could not attract their own, the most important reason is that too much information on the platform, the authenticity of the enemy (79.7%); Forty per cent of respondents also believe that because the information is too which many do not know a good choice; in addition about five percent of respondents believe that it is the laws and regulations of public norms of the internet there are still many gaps, do not know which platform is licensed to carry out the project according to the law, so wait and see attitude.

Financial transparency and brand influence as the main selection criteria public Internet public platform. The public face of huge number and variety of internet NGOs and public projects, how to choose a reliable platform for open and transparent financial factors becomes public primary consideration (70.5%). After all, the traditional public institutions due to the execution line opaque report triggered a crisis of credibility not uncommon, therefore, faced with public information more open Internet platform, the public is more concerned about the whereabouts of donations. In addition, the platform's popularity (51.5%) and operate the project in accordance with regulations (51.3%) are also important factors affecting the choice of public law. Among them, 80 groups are more concerned about the visibility of the platform, and the first 80 people more concerned about financial transparency platform.

3 . Northeast China Internet public participation

According to 2016 public Baidu Index for hot words "micro-public" in the provinces search interest in the case as shown below. To "micro-public" searches the top few in Beijing and the eastern provinces. Northeast China "micro-public" concerned about the low heat, Liaoning Province ranked No. 15, ranked No. 21 in Jilin, Heilongjiang Province, ranked 22, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ranked No. 25.

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Figure 3-12016 Nian provinces "micro-public" Baidu search index case

Source: Baidu Index

 

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Figure 3-22016 northeastern region of "micro-public" Baidu index change trend

Source: Baidu Index

Changes in trends from the search index, on the whole, northeast of the province of "micro-public" search volume continues to expand, suggesting that the public welfare in Internet technology innovation of participation continues to increase. Four provinces By contrast, public Liaoning Province for the "micro-public" higher degree of concern, Inner Mongolia lower degree of concern.

(C) nonprofit Internet application capability analysis

With the convergence of Internet technology and public charity, public welfare social value of the Internet more and more prominent, but also engaged in public welfare institutions and practitioners have put forward higher requirements. Public participation and public way within the organization management and other elements more and more complex, are inseparable from the Internet. Specifically, the application of Internet technology management from the following aspects influence and change the traditional charity operations.

1. understand the industry information

First, the expansion of the Internet big access to information sources and reduce the cost of information gathering. NGOs in China and spread of Internet use can force the fifth research report, the vast majority of NGOs (97.93%) concerned about fellow microblogging and micro-channel public number, joined the nonprofit QQ, micro-channel group, access to public sector information website. This explains the concern of NGOs for information industry is still very high; over a variety of platforms also deliver an important channel for public information insiders.

2. propaganda, advocating the concept of public service

Secondly, the Internet provides a propaganda platform for nonprofit activities and promote the concept of public service. In the survey, 93.41 percent of public organizations have a variety of ways (such as websites, QQ group, microblogging, or micro-letters, etc.) to publicize the organization; when large public events, the use of micro-channel, microblogging and other media advocacy organizations for public participation to achieve 89.45% ; 51.60% of organizations did some micro-micro-film or video promo and has been uploaded to the internet.

Figure 3-3 nonprofit Internet propaganda tool to select the information case

Source: "Chinese NGOs use the Internet and the ability to spread the fifth research report"

In the choice of many Internet dissemination of information tools, micro letters become the main force. 59.13% of public organizations choose to "micro-channel public number" into the 2016 -year spread strategy. Followed by micro-channel and micro-channel group, accounting for 53.30% , and the third is the official website, the ratio had fallen to 25.42% . The biggest decline in the proportion of micro-Bo, from the fourth survey of 25.96% dropped to 9.98% .

3. obtain funds via the Internet

Figure 3-4 Financing nonprofits use the Internet platform

Source: "Chinese NGOs use the Internet and the ability to spread the fifth research report"

Internet is not only to obtain and publish information important window, is an important platform for various public interest organizations to raise funds. NGOs in the choice of Internet fundraising platform, Tencent had the most public platform, accounting for 46.89% , using contributions under line, crowdfunding network, Ling analysis, Taobao, Sina public, less other platforms, 26.18 percent of organizations do not used crowdfunding platform. 2015 Nian Zhi 2016 Nian 11 months, 29.94% of NGOs had not been adopted crowdfunding amount obtained by the public to raise 1 million or less public organization the most, accounting for 20.15 percent , had 3.77 percent of nonprofits through crowdfunding to obtain 100 Wan Yuan more fundraising.

4. Knowledge and Information Management

Internet has not only changed the traditional charity fund-raising channels, more significant impact on their operations and management of public organizations. 2016 50.47% of NGOs have a place to share public information on the Internet. There are also a considerable number of organizations use an online volunteer management systems. Use case management system services objects organization only 21.85 percent , organizations use project management tool for project management and use of donor management system is also less.

NGOs when communicating with clients, select the highest proportion of face to face communication, accounting for 68.55%. Telephone proportion (61.58%) and micro channels (61.21%) of the second. NGOs in the management and communication with volunteers, the highest proportion of micro-channel, accounting for 78.72%. Call ratio (52.92%) and face to face communication (43.31%) in second place. The two sets of data show that the nonprofit provides services using less network communication, and the ability to use a strong network of volunteers.

5. enhance the credibility

There is a problem in the traditional public service model is that every caring people to donate money in the moment, donors and charitable projects as if lost contact, while the Internet can make caring people continue to get feedback from the moment of contributions. The starting point of the pain point of social and charitable innovation, "Charity + Internet" marks the arrival of a new era of public service.

In improving the transparency and credibility of the organization through the Internet, social networking penetration rate is already very high, the vast majority of public organizations to publish the progress of the project through social networks. While 60.45% of the organizations annual financial disclosure mechanism through online channels.

(D ) Tencent public welfare activities undertaken in the Northeast

According to the survey, Tencent public welfare is the most trusted provider of Internet public platform, is currently financing NGOs main financing platform. This report reviews the 2016 Tencent public welfare activities are carried out in the northeastern region, as shown below.

Table 3-2 Tencent public development situation in the Northeast Project

province

Tencent charity name in Liaoning Province

Project Description

Fundraising goal

Fundraising time

Fang execution

Liaoning Province

Please give Angel a little love

Help mentally retarded mother of two year old children with congenital heart Lin Jia small raise after care and rehabilitation costs

12,000 yuan

2016-01-19 to 2016-03-11

Jinzhou City Porcelain Doll Charity Association

Spring Festival to return home to help students in Liaoning

Uniting our Liaoning love to help 30 poor students dream round school

60,000 yuan

2016-02-02 to 2016-05-02

In Hua Siyuan Foundation for Poverty Alleviation Project

Dandelion also has colorful childhood

12 volunteers to organize Xiuyan County, Chaoyang Town Center Elementary School to support education in poverty alleviation activities.

80,000 yuan

2016-02-29 to 2016-05-29

Anshan breathing Union Volunteers Association

Girl with cerebral palsy open micro shop

Help Liaoning girl with cerebral palsy Tian Lulu buy a mobile phone shop in the micro-business

2999 yuan

2016-04-14 to 2016-04-15

Liaoning Province Welfare Fund for the Handicapped

Dying excellent police

Liaoning Province outstanding police station director Zhang Juguang aid to be seriously ill

200,000 yuan

2016-06-22 to 2016-06-27

In Hua Siyuan Foundation for Poverty Alleviation Project

Want to love the warmth of love

To raise warm bag, warm child's world of poor children in Liaoning

255,500 yuan

2016-08-26 to 2016-12-31

Lee State pro-poor development service center

1 1 car to help a bird boat squadron

Liaoning public relief alliance, Lee states co-sponsored poverty alleviation, accompanied by the plight of children spend a warm winter.

146,000 yuan

2015-08-28 to 2016-03-31

Lee State pro-poor development service center

A pencil student village

Liaoning rural poor rural primary school children, send a dream of a new pencil

50,000 yuan

2016-08-31 to 2016-09-09

Liaoning Provincial Youth Volunteer Association

Jilin Province

Spring Festival to return home to help students in Jilin

Jilin funded students in learning, living, including but not limited to, transportation, meals, tuition and other fees and learning materials.

60,000 yuan

2016-02-02 to 2016-05-02

In Hua Siyuan Foundation for Poverty Alleviation Project

Mom, I want to live

High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is a common leukemia treatment costs three times.

700,000 yuan

2016-05-10 to 2016-08-10

Jilin Province Youth Development Foundation

400 students desire

Difficult conditions in rural schools, wants to buy 400 costumes, let the children happy holidays.

70,000 yuan

2016-06-03 to 2016-09-13

High Shu-hong

Buy fertilizer for poor farmers

Buy fertilizer for the rural poor families, 900 yuan per household.

24,300 yuan

2016-06-17 to 2016-08-20

Jilin Province Youth Development Foundation

Yuandaxuemeng for poor students

Within difficulty to raise money for college students in Jilin Province, to help them complete their studies.

500,000 yuan

2016-07-01 to 2016-10-01

Jilin Province Youth Development Foundation

A father's request

Han Ling help solve temporary difficulties and a full medical costs notch.

50,000 yuan

2016-07-12 to 2016-08-09

Changchun City benefits earned Social Work Service Center

Poor students round university dream

Ji'an City to raise money for poor students in the college entrance examination, to help them Yuandaxuemeng

100,000 yuan

2016-08-03 to 2016-11-03

China Communist Youth League Committee Ji'an

Parent-child rural Festival

The convening of a parent-child rural festival in Changchun City, Jilin Province Nong'an 3 small village

14,316 yuan

2016-08-09 to 2016-09-09

Changchun City benefits earned Social Work Service Center

Game Cube grow

Support small village in Nong'an County 4 games growing up in class, students 5 large capacity

45,100 yuan

2016-08-09 to 2016-11-09

Changchun City benefits earned Social Work Service Center

Baking Adventure Workshop

With 120 children of migrant workers experience baked, feel grow

53,460 yuan

2016-08-19 to 2016-09-09

Changchun City benefits earned Social Work Service Center

Sports dreams for poor students

Hand, round sports college dreams

200,000 yuan

2016-08-19 to 2016-11-19

Jilin Province Youth Development Foundation

A round dream home

Help eight older people with autism community set up their own family.

158,634 yuan

2016-08-29 to 2016-09-09

Changchun City benefits earned Social Work Service Center

Star children lit a small bag

For autistic children to buy school bags and other supplies, so that "star children were" happy growth

200,000 yuan

2016-08-30 to 2016-11-30

Jilin Foundation for Disabled Persons

As a village to raise a small sports equipment

Sports equipment for the poverty-stricken areas to raise primary school to enhance student physique.

400,000 yuan

2016-08-31 to 2016-12-01

Jilin Province Youth Development Foundation

Jihang Hai Hong Kong - caring student

To raise tuition fees for poor students family difficulties, helping them to achieve college dreams!

500,000 yuan

2016-10-09 to 2017-01-09

Health Mingyu

Love in the autumn day parenting workshop

In the autumn busy to return home, with 100 working children do paternity workshop.

14 000 yuan

2016-10-14 to 2017-01-14

Changchun City benefits earned social work as a service center

Heilongjiang Province

Heilongjiang New Year help students

Help 30 poor students dream round school

60,000 yuan

2016-02-02 to 2016-05-02

In Hua Siyuan Foundation for Poverty Alleviation Project

Yian child's childhood dream

As the sole capital of Heilongjiang Province, 300 in school, raising money for children living in difficult

300,000 yuan

2016-08-22 to 2016-11-22

China Women's Development Foundation

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Spring Festival to return home to help students in Inner Mongolia

We brought together people of Inner Mongolia love to help 30 poor students circle dream school.

60,000 yuan

2016-02-02 to 2016-05-02

In Hua Siyuan Foundation for Poverty Alleviation Project

Emergency Mongolian youth football

Help 16-year-old Mongolian teenager handsome wooden bar SU win leukemia, back on the pitch!

250,000 yuan

2016-03-30 to 2016-06-30

Kuang Lifang

Leukemia boy wants to live

Inner Mongolia 8-year-old boy suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, transplant costs Jiqiu help!

250,000 yuan

2016-04-12 to 2016-07-12

Sun Liwei

· Concentric child is willing to realize their dreams sixty-one

Helping to strengthen the children left behind, they circle "61" wish.

50,000 yuan

2016-12-06 to 2017-04-21

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Youth Development Foundation

Source: Tencent public website

(E ) "Charity + Internet" in the northeast region of typical cases

1. Liaoning

September 2016 " want to love the warmth of love " line on the donation platform Tencent, ending in December, after three months, supported by the 9232 loving friends, raise money for the plight of children in Liaoning 200,588 yuan, from 16 years 12 months to 17 years in February brought a total of 550 children in Liaoning province magical warm bag, brought warm, brought joy, they are not cold this winter.

2. Jilin

Project Started 2016-07-01 to 2016-08-28, received a total of 223 people loving care and support, as Tian Xin raised a total of donations to 2191.59 yuan. Because Tencent public love to help netizens, currently Tian Xin can get the normal chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

3. Heilongjiang

2014 Nian May 29 to June 3 received a donation of Tencent users to think of snow in children with congenital heart donation of 130,097 yuan, August 15, 2014, think of snow suddenly died of acute heart attack after his death. Sohu focus of public funds for the children with congenital heart Think snow raised 130,097.00 yuan donations, rescue the six children with congenital heart, six children spent a total of 131,365.56 yuan, the remaining 1268.56 yuan, paid for by public funds Sohu focus "warm innocence" project .

4. Inner Mongolia

" Round prairie child's knowledge Dream " project initiated by Peng Jianfeng individuals to Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia and Crafts British community to support education, bringing knowledge and love for the prairie left-behind children. The project 2015-07-16 to 2015-08-05, raised from donation platform 2292.91 yuan. By teaching curriculum, the quality of development, production ship model inside teaching, school supplies and other activities presented warm children left behind, allowing them to quickly integrate into the community and let them feel the warmth of the community against them, while the primary school Keshiketengqi Establish a good relationship.

Second, the philanthropic + Trust - philanthropy and wealth management of cross-border integration

(A) Overview Charitable Trust

Charitable Trust refers solely for the purpose of achieving social philanthropy, and to society as a whole or in part for the benefit of the public trust. Charitable Trust is a new way of philanthropy in our country and an important carrier, with a secure, flexible, transparent, efficient, long-lasting advantage.

Charitable trusts and private interest trust is the biggest difference: private interest trust for the benefit of a specific person or a particular person, and beneficiaries of public trust is not specific. Private interest in the trust beneficiaries tend to be the principal person has some kind of emotional or material interests relationship. Trust client's behavior more reaction out of his inner instinct, by the particular person to benefit and satisfy their emotional needs is a kind of private behavior, based on the uncertainty of public trust beneficiaries, principal and trust deed does not exist between the emotional basis of the principal beneficiary is a selfless act.

The formal implementation of the September 1, 2016 "People's Republic of China Charity Law" on charitable trusts as a new way of charity were clearly defined, to regulate "the Charities Act" in the fifth chapter of "charitable trust" as a special chapter clear charity trustee can be a charitable organization or trust company, the use filing system, the competent authority for the civil affairs departments, supervisors can set up as needed ...... these specific provisions to improve the operability of charitable trusts, charitable trusts for the development of provide an institutional guarantee. Prior to the slow pace of development of public welfare trust even lag also ushered in a new opportunity for development, which will promote China's philanthropy entered a more professional, more sustainable new era.

(B) a charitable trust practice case

Under the guidance of "charity law" to promote and related policies, trusts and charitable organizations active in charitable trust practices, innovative models are emerging, charitable purposes to further broaden cooperation with the Trust's charitable organizations continue in-depth, to jointly promote philanthropy good forward.

1. Charitable Trust Practice Overview

By the end of 2016, a total of 18 trust companies and charitable organizations success record of 22 single charitable trust products, the initial size of 085 million yuan, 3.085 billion yuan contract value scale, involving more charitable fields of education, poverty alleviation, left-behind children.

Table 3-3 charitable trust products BASIC

No.

To record

Charitable Trust name

Principal

trustee

the term

Charitable purposes

1 1

Beijing

Taikang SDIC SDIC Trust 2016 Charity No. 1 Charitable Trust

State Development Investment Corporation

SDIC Trust Co., Taikang

Five years

The people in poor areas, poor students

2 2

SDIC Trust 2016 Taikang Cherished Dream No. 1 Education Charitable Trust

More than a natural person

SDIC Trust Co., Taikang

Three years

Quality primary and secondary education

3 3

Credit Trust 2016 Annual fraternity student Charitable Trust

More than a natural person

China Credit Trust Co., Ltd.

Five years

Education in poor areas

4 4

CITIC Trust 2016 Space Science Charitable Trust

CITIC Juxin (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Capital Management

CITIC Trust Co., Ltd.

Three years

Reward aerospace science and technology, managers and front-line workers

5 5

· CITIC Beijing Environmental Protection Foundation entrepreneurs Alxa SEE 2016 China Environmental Charitable Trust soft capital

China Soft Capital Management Group Inc.

Beijing entrepreneur Conservation Foundation, CITIC Trust Co., Ltd.

Five years

Desertification control, green supply chain and pollution control and ecological protection

6

Beijing Environmental Protection Foundation entrepreneurs Alxa SEE 2016 public finance class environmental Charitable Trust

Natural person

Beijing Environmental Protection Foundation Entrepreneur

ten years

Environmental organizations start-up period

7

Shanghai

Blue Sky beloved No. 1 Charitable Trust

Shanghai Charity Foundation

Anxin Trust Co.

Sustainable

Provision of charity law charitable project

8

"Good" series SPD Bank "Looking to see the world" for children from poor families eye surgery public health projects Charitable Trust

Shanghai Pudong Development Bank

Shanghai International Trust Co., Ltd.

ten years

Families of children suffering from eye diseases

9 9

Jiangsu Province

"Zijin · Houde 6" Charitable Trust

Nanjing Charity

Zijin Trust Co.

Not less than 12 months

Families suffering from serious illness in children and disabled

10 10

Zhejiang Province

Universal Trust - Chun Yue Family Charitable Trust

Natural person

Universal Trust Co.

Sustainable

-

11

Hualong Charitable Trust

Zhengzhou Bank Community Foundation

Ningbo Shan Park Community Foundation, Universal Trust Co.

Five years

Culture, education, the disabled, pensions, environmental protection

12 12

Fujian Province

Industrial Trust · happy a charitable trust scheme

Industrial Trust union

Industrial International Trust Co., Ltd.

Sustainable

Pension to help the old, student education, helping the poor, etc.

13

Jiangxi Province,

Aviation Trust · Apocalypse 977 love to fly off the charity of investors,

AVIC General Aircraft Co., the Air Trust trade union committee

Aviation Trust Co., Ltd.

Five years

Knowledge of aviation training, aviation science, support for education, helping the poor precision, Hong Yang, social justice, environmental protection, etc.

14

Guangdong Province

Guangdong Finance Trust Plan de Rui charitable

Zhuhai De Rui Enterprise Management Co., Ltd.

Guangdong Finance Trust Limited

No fixed deadline

Orphans, destitute families, five guarantees

15 15

China Ping An Education Development Plan Charitable Trust

More than a natural person, the Shenzhen Municipal Public Foundation

Ping An Trust Co., Ltd.

Sustainable

Charitable projects in the field of education

16

Sichuan Province

Chuan Xin Fairview future plans Charitable Trust

Chengdu Charity Federation

Sichuan Trust Company Limited

Sustainable

Children under the age of 18 in schools, health care, disabled and other public projects

17

Guizhou Province

Huaneng Trust · Respect Cheng Jin Hua charitable trust scheme

Natural person or organization

Huaneng your Credit Trust Co., Ltd.

Not less than 12 months

Precision poverty-stricken areas of poverty alleviation, school education, Minzuwenhua

18

Shaanxi Province

Chang Chi - mountain scholarly Kids Charitable Trust

Shaanxi Provincial Charity Federation

Changan International Trust Co., Ltd.

ten years

文化教育事业 development, cultivate children's interest in reading, improve reading conditions, promote the comprehensive development of children

19

Chang Chi - the future of creativity No. 1 Education Charitable Trust

Shenzhen City Public Foundation

Changan International Trust Co., Ltd.

ten years

Encourage and support Chinese youth quality education, and to carry out the Shenzhen National Youth Literacy for Developing Creativity

20

Chang Chi - Environmental Charitable Trust

Jiangsu in Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.

Changan International Trust Co., Ltd.

ten years

Protect the environment

twenty one

Gansu province

Long Everbright good deeds charitable trust scheme No. 1

Long Trusts and natural light Daxing

Long light Daxing Trust Co., Ltd.

A year

Poverty, the poor

twenty two

Anhui Province

Operation Smile Charitable Trust

China Women's Development Foundation

CCB Trust Co., Ltd.

Five years

Cleft lip and palate children from poor families

Source: " 2016 China's Charitable Trust Development Report"

At present, China has carried out a charitable trust are the following four modes: first charitable organization for the client, a trust company as trustee; the second is a trust company as trustee, executor for the project charity or nonprofit consultant; the third is charity trust jointly organized and double as trustee; Fourth charitable organizations act as trustee, independently carry out charitable activities. In the 22 single charitable trust has been filed, the trustee of both trusts are also charitable organizations, but still trust-based, which due to the trust company accumulated a wealth of experience in fiduciary management, trust operations and so on. Zhidezhuyi that, in 2016, cooperation between the trusts and charitable organizations are increasingly strengthened, the two sides have to cooperate closely. Charitable organization specializes in fund raising and project implementation can be achieved between the Trust and complementary advantages.

2. charitable purpose wide range

2016 Nian record 22 charitable purpose charitable trust of the broad range of single, has the characteristics of openness. Which up to promote the development of science, education number of charitable trusts, there are 7 single, helping the poor have 4 single, supporting the old, save the solitary, ill-shirts, disabled, special care has 4 single, prevent pollution, protect and improve the ecological there are environmental 3 single, integrated to achieve charitable purposes are 4 single. Charitable purpose charitable trust has evolved from traditional philanthropy disaster relief, poverty alleviation, health care, etc. to the wider field of education, environmental protection, science and technology, in line with the ever-expanding scope of philanthropy trend.

Figure 3-5 charitable trust for charitable purposes distribution

Source: " 2016 China's Charitable Trust Development Report"

3. charitable trust scale, diverse maturity structure

From charitable trust scale, 2016 Nian record of 22 single charitable trust, the trust contract size of $ 1 million in less than 8 alone, over one million yuan or more but less than ten million yuan has 9 single, a thousand the yuan has 5 single. Different sizes in both grades of more than a single floor Charitable Trust, a charitable trust reflects a flexible and efficient characteristics, to meet the different needs of individual charitable principal.

From the term structure, the 2016 -year record of 22 single Charitable Trust, a non-fixed term has 3 single, 3 -year Here are 3 single, five-year period has 6 single, 10 -year has 5 single, sustainable type there are 5 single. Among them, more than five-year period and sustain the type of charitable trusts accounted for up to 73% , it shows the characteristics of persistence of a charitable trust.

In addition, as of from 2016 Nian 12 Yue 31 can be seen daily amount for charitable trusts, charitable trusts, more than half of the expenditure amount exceeds 30% . Flexibility charitable trust established by its widely popular, but its original intention unchanged charitable, philanthropic spending efficient and safe.

4. filing the eastern and western majority, without northeastern provinces

From the point of view for the record, 2016 National total of 12 provinces ( municipalities ) to carry out charitable trusts filing work. According to the record number of charitable sort, Beijing record 6 single, for the record, Shaanxi Province 3 single, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang, respectively, for the record 2 single, and the rest of Jiangsu, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Gansu, Anhui, each record 1 single. According to zoning eastern, central and west, respectively, for the record number of 14 single, 2 single, 6 single, the number of charitable trusts in eastern and western parts of the record relatively large, relatively small number of filing the central region, mainly in eastern China charity rich resources, while the western region needs more resources to charity. Four provinces in Northeast China in 2016 with an average annual project has not established a charitable trust, the current government at all levels to accelerate and promote the construction of charitable trust, the introduction of appropriate policies, at the same time, there are many institutions are planning to promote charitable trust fund operations management.

Figure 3-6 charitable trusts filing distributed

Source: " 2016 China's Charitable Trust Development Report"

(C) Charitable Trust in the Northeast urgent problem

1. build a scientific and rational public trust legal norm system

1 ) determined by law the sole of public welfare administration as a charitable trust and approval authority.

In practice, Xi'an Trust " 5 · 12 Earthquake Relief Charitable Trust Plan" and Bridge Trust "Zhengzhou Charity (Sichuan disaster areas and poor areas Educational Assistance) Charitable Trust Plan" is approved by the civil affairs departments, and the "Foundation Management Regulations" Ministry of civil Affairs and also the provisions of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities Renminzhengfu civil affairs department is the registration authority Foundation. Determination of a unique public welfare administration avoids complex systems to solve the charitable trust approval nowhere confusion.

2 ) improve the system of supervisors.

As a supervisor trustee qualifications supervisors must have access restrictions, you can refer to the provisions of "non-bank financial institutions administrative licensing items implementation measures", requiring supervisors must have good financial condition, credit status, and trustees relationships or relationships of interest does not exist. Clearly defined powers and duties of the supervisor, for supervisor fails to perform its duties according to law, failed to detect illegal activities with the trustee or trustees of malicious collusion, damage to the interests of the beneficiaries, supervisors and trustees should bear joint and several liability.

3 ) establish a tax system of public trust.

China Banking Regulatory Commission should strengthen communication and coordination with the national tax authorities, the Ministry of Civil Affairs for the approval of the competent authorities and other public welfare projects approved charitable trust, with reference to the provisions of "People's Republic of China public welfare donations Law", as the trust principal for donations of natural persons , legal persons and other given the same tax breaks, during a public trust management using the trust property, business tax occurred, income tax, stamp duty, VAT and other developing special tax breaks in order to effectively reduce the cost of public trust and use, to encourage public participation in public the enthusiasm of the cause.

2. carry out a comprehensive public trust publicity and marketing activities

Trust rely on government support, social communication, in order to create a good environment for the development of the whole society. Trust as one of the four pillars of the financial sector, combined with the media should vigorously promote the concept of public trust, eliminate the strangeness of public charitable trust, the development potential donors, and guide people come to realize that the use of public trust; the government should also actively promote public welfare Trust, aims at treating the formation of social awareness, a collection of various forces in civil society, non-governmental organizations, and make it into the orbit of legal protection, completion of the national public welfare cause.

3. strengthen self-construction business, highlighting the professional advantages

Charitable Trust with its own flexibility, low cost, professional, etc., on the trust property management and investment capacity has the incomparable advantage of ordinary charity. Charitable Trust Trust can develop very unique products, rich charitable remainder trust products, making investors both Keyihuode trust income, but also contribute to the public welfare. Trust advantage in terms of asset management at the moment will be fully realized.

4. strengthen business cooperation with charities, and complement

The Foundation and the Trust mode together organically, the way business can be carried out by the Foundation Trust and cooperation between the two take long, to avoid short between the two, to solve the trust charitable trust set up low visibility, and less money sources Foundation contradiction lack of funds management capabilities. If you try to delegate Foundation's assets to the trust management, trust company to play professional advantage, achieve donations and increase the value, not only to maximize the protection of the interests of the beneficiaries, but also to promote the healthy and sustainable development charity.

Third, the charity + venture capital - cross-border philanthropy and financial investment integration

(A) venture philanthropy Overview

Venture philanthropy is a new form of charity, venture philanthropy organizations (Venture Philanthropy Organization, referred to as VPO) draw business venture (Venture Capital, referred to as VC) of the operating mechanism of social target tissue (Social Purpose Organization, referred to as SPO) to give financial and non-financial support for investment support to promote their development. Compared to maximize charitable contributions and business venture capital, venture philanthropy is mainly the pursuit of social value, but also consider certain financial returns. Venture Philanthropy has a significant role in solving social problems of social development in the target tissue, emerging market-based financing instruments to solve social problems.

Nonprofit venture capital fund focused on social values, taking into account certain financial returns, and therefore more complex than running only concerned with commercial financial returns of venture capital financing venture philanthropy organization, investment, evaluation and exit mechanisms need to run a series of in-depth study. At present, China is still at an early stage venture philanthropy, government has not clearly defined the legal threshold for registration, employing professional competence, but also a lack of incentives in terms of interest rates, taxes, options, and other support venture philanthropy systematic industrial policy.

(B) venture philanthropy development

Venture philanthropy, first proposed in 1969 by the American philanthropist John • Rockefeller III, is intended to "a form of subsidy in the form of a certain risk solutions for specific social ills. In 1984, the United States," the Peninsula Community Foundation "first use" VenturePhilanthropy. The late 1980s, a large number of produce including non-profit organizations, social enterprises and other organizations, including the social goals. The SPO, faced with increasingly serious problem of sustainable development in the development process. The United States more than formal venture capital institutions in Europe and other places. In 2002, the fund's first VP ImpetusTrust established in the UK, the same year the first branch VP fund FondazioneOltre on a standard meaning established in Italy. In 2004, as the first VP to promote the development of Europe to promote the public welfare institution --- Venture Capital Association (EVPA) was established.

2006年至今,国内开始尝试引进公益创投项目,形成了一定的本土实践。截至目前,国内较大的公益创投机构有岚山基金(国内首个VP)、新公益伙伴 (NPP)、恩派(NPI)、南都基金会、友成扶贫基金会、北京联合慈善基金会、上海百特教育发展中心。相较于欧美公益创投的快速发展,中国公益创投行业仍然处于起步期。

(三)东北地区公益创投典型案例

我国公益创投事业刚刚起步,总体而言,受到体制机制、制度环境和回报率低以及各方参与主体经验能力的限制。虽然发展较慢,但公益创投组织的运营管理日渐规范,公众对于公益创投的认知度大幅提高。在各省市团委的组织带动下,东北地区已经成立了一些优秀的公益创投组织,并积极的开展了大量的公益性创投活动。

1. 爱梦成真青年发展基金会

辽宁省爱梦成真青年发展基金会成立于2016年3月,旨在汇聚爱心英才,专注最弱势青少年全面发展,探索创新公益模式,借助科技化、专家化、透明化、国际化的管理,致力于成为东北地区最具创新力和公信力的民办基金会。

爱梦成真公益创投基金在团省委的指导下与腾讯众创空间建立战略合作伙伴,获得腾讯公益在平台,资金,资源的全面支持。同时,整合社会各方资源,开展公益创投项目,具体见下表。

3-4 辽宁爱梦成真基金会公益创投领域

主要投入领域

合作基金

医疗科技

荣科科技产业基金(规模2亿人民币)

农业扶贫

北京融括(规模30亿人民币)

教育培训

森木集团

资料来源:爱梦成真基金会

爱梦成真基金会虽然仅成立一年,但已有清晰的发展规划。一年内,完成各项制度(审核、创投、退出、利益分配)建设,建立软硬件基础平台,打通合作机构等多方面渠道,开始参与公益项目创投,成为东北公益创投机构先驱。三年内,完成首批孵化及退出创投项目,在首批创投盈余的基础上联合其他社会资本 扩大创投体量,完善创投项目,实现至少在1-2个领域的公益创投中处于国内领先位置。五年内,所创投的项目中,出现具有影响社会进步的产品,继续扩大创投体量完成第二批、第三批孵化。

2. “青柠檬”公益空间 -- 辽宁省青年社会组织孵化基地

辽宁省团省委和辽宁爱梦成真青年发展基金会联合启动建设首个省级“青柠檬”公益空间--辽宁省青年社会组织孵化基地。青年社会组织是推动公益事业发展和创新社会治理的重要力量。“青柠檬”公益空间立足青年社会组织需求,依托“四大功能--硬件支持、能力建设、资源对接、协力发展”和“五大平台--青少年综合服务、公益产品展示、公益资源共享、公益人才培养、志愿文化推广”,着力打造公益资源、公益组织与社会需求相衔接,公益项目扎根社区的支持性、开放性孵化基地,探索青年社会组织培育机制,建设成为共青团参与社会治理创新的品牌项目和重要阵地。

通过邀请青年社会组织入驻公益服务空间的模式,产出目标将围绕3个角度的工作目标进行绩效测定,即青年社会组织的发展与社会评估指标、公益人才的专业数量与留存率、项目与社区的紧密程度与有效性。并提供以下功能和平台:

1)四大功能:

     硬件支持:办公场地、办公设备、网络通信、水电物业;

     能力建设:战略规划、培训交流、专家咨询、项目设计;

     资源对接:政府购买、基金支持、网络众筹、高校合作;

     协力发展:协助注册、组织评估、项目落地、媒体宣传。

2)五大平台:

青少年综合服务平台、公益产品展示平台、公益资源共享平台、公益人才培养平台、志愿文化推广平台。

第四部分 东北地区企业慈善现状分析

一、东北地区企业慈善概况

(一)企业慈善面临的背景

企业慈善捐赠是企业自愿将人、财、物赠送给与企业没有直接利益关系的受赠者,是用于慈善公益事业的行为。我国慈善捐赠是一种普遍的企业责任行为,企业是我国民间慈善的主体,解决了诸多政府“想不到”、“做不好”的事情,对和谐社会的构建作出了贡献。 企业慈善是在公益慈善事业的基础上发展而来的,是指企业在追求最大利益的同时,将有形和无形资源自愿投入到社会福利事业当中,企业慈善行为的实质是企业承担社会责任的重要方式之一,是企业和社会双赢的选择,其核心价值观是“企业公民”;实施对象是“社会”;实施目的力求达到企业和社会“双赢”;实施手段多元化,慈善捐赠是最具代表性的一种;实施媒介是政府、慈善机构等。

慈善捐赠是一种与当地社会经济文化紧密相关的行为。在经济发展、社会结构和传统文化方面的特色,使得我国慈善捐赠的结构和特点迥异于西方国家。从慈善资源的来源构成来看,企业捐赠一直是我国民间捐赠的主体,经济发达的东部地区的慈善捐赠水平高于全国平均水平。从慈善资源的构成来看,财物一直是民间捐赠的主要形式。从捐赠渠道来看,大部分捐赠由官方与半官方机构接收。慈善资源的用途集中于社会助学、扶贫济困和抗震救灾三个方面。在西方国家,其资金来源主要由个人捐赠、基金会捐赠、遗产捐赠和企业捐赠构成,其中,个人捐赠是绝对的大头,而企业慈善捐赠所起到的经济作用非常微小。以慈善事业最为发达的美国为例,企业慈善捐赠占社会捐赠资金总额的比例长期徘徊在 5% 左右,远低于个人捐赠( 75% ),也少于基金会捐赠( 12% )和遗产捐赠( 8% )。而在我国,由于基金会发展时间较短,基本属于现收现支,资金存量有限,而民间遗产捐赠也未形成规模,因此,企业慈善捐赠对社会公益慈善捐赠资金的贡献率要远大于国外企业。

慈善公益是中华民族传统美德,其理念和实践源远流长。民国时期,慈善组织在东北地区就发展起来,产生了企业公益的萌芽。但是受西方列强的侵略,近现代的东北地区经济与社会发展受到很大阻碍,长期停留在小农经济,影响公益实践的发展并使之停留。 20 世纪 80 年代国有企业改革开始之前,东北地区企业慈善捐赠还几乎是一片空白。但从 20 世纪 90 年代起,随着我国企业经济的不断发展壮大以及“企业社会责任”理论、“企业公民”理论等在我国的广泛传播,东北地区企业慈善捐赠事业开始进入快速的发展时期。在此背景下,企业作为独立的主体,有着更为强大的经济能力,进一步激发了企业参与公益事业的热情。东北地区上市企业慈善公益事业发展情况因上市企业的经营效果,责任意识和所属行业不同而有所差异。上市公司企业在某年经营效果好并取得好的效益,该企业会积极履行社会责任包括企业慈善捐赠。在各个行业中,公用事业行业和医药行业还是在参加社会慈善方面比较积极,社会责任意识比较高。

(二)东北地区上市公司概况

2016 东北三省和内蒙古 主板上市公司有 179 家, 其中有国企企业有 79 家和非国企业 100 家。 从下面的饼状图可以看出东北地区上市公司中有 44 % 是国企, 5 6% 是非国企,非国企企业所占的比重略微大一些。

4-1 上市企业所有制形式比例图

数据来源:新浪财经网

上市公司在各个省份的分布情况, 179 家上市企业其中辽宁省有 76 家占 42% ,吉林省有 43 家占 24% ,黑龙江省有 35 家占 20% ,内蒙古有 25 家占 14% 。可以看出在东北地区,辽宁省的上市公司占据东北地区上市企业将近一半的比例,黑龙江和吉林省相差不多,内蒙古较少。

4-2 上市企业区域比例图

数据来源:新浪财经网

东北地区上市公司在各个行业的分布情况,其中制造业占 46% 。这也体现了东北地区的特色,即东北地区是我国近代工业起步较早的地区之一,经过建国以后特别是“一五”、“二五”时期的大规模经济建设,已基本形成了以钢铁、机械、石油、化工、建材、煤炭等重工业为主体的基础设施建设比较完善的工业基地。以沈阳、大连、长春、哈尔滨、吉林、齐齐哈尔等重工业城市为代表的东北老工业基地全国经济发展中起着十分重要的作用。除制造业外,医药行业占 9% ,公用事业占 11% ,零售业占 6% ,农林牧渔业占 6% ,剩下其他比例比较少的行业共占 22%

4-3 东北上市企业的行业比例图

数据来源:新浪财经网

二、东北地区上市公司 CSR 报告披露慈善公益情况分析

CSR 报告 Corporate Social Responsibility 又称企业社会责任报告、可持续发展报告或永续发展报告 是基于商业运作必须符合可持续发展的想法 企业除了考虑自身的财政和经营状况外 也要加入其对社会和自然环境所造成的影响的 考虑

CSR报告的 基本内涵 包括以下几方面 1) 公司的治理和道德标准,主要包括尊重政治体制和社会文化,遵守法律、共同规则以及国际标准,防范腐败贿赂,对消费者 对客户负责等; 2 对人的责任,主要包括员工安全 计划,就业均等,反对歧视,薪酬不公平等。对环境的责任,主要包括 维护环境质量、使用清洁能源、共同应对气候变化和保护生物多样性等; 3 对社会发展的广义贡献,主要指广义的对社会和经济福利的贡献,这些贡献可能成为企业核心战略的一部分,成为企业的社会投资,慈善或者社区服务行为的一部分。

我们主要考察东北地区上市公司发布 CSR 报告中对社会发展的广义贡献。从下图可以看出,东北地区上市公司发布 CSR 报告中披露慈善、社会公益和社区服务行为情况。从 2012 年到 2016 年近 5 年有明显的上升趋势,表明上市公司的承担扶贫济困和发展慈善事业的责任心有所提升。

4-4 上市企业披露慈善和公益事业趋势图

数据来源:新浪财经网

(一)基于所有制差异的慈善行为分析

4-5 国企披露慈善和公益项目个数条形图

数据来源:新浪财经网

上面的柱状图可以看出东北地区上市公司中发布社会责任报告中披露慈善和社会公益项目的情况,近 5 年上市公司的社会投资有上升的趋势。企业承担社会投资会在短期内增加经营成本,但无疑有利于企业自身良好形象的树立,形成企业的无形资产,进而形成企业的竞争优势,最终给企业带来长期的、潜在的利益。上市公司应该做出表率作用,多参加社会公益和慈善项目,加强社会责任心,也会给企业的可持续发展带来良好的外部环境。

4-6 私企披露慈善和公益项目个数条形图

数据来源:新浪财经网

国企作为由一个国家的中央政府或联邦政府参与控制的企业,应不断增强社会责任意识,在捐资助学,扶贫济困等慈善和积极参加社会公益方面为社会做贡献,在回馈社会起到表率的作用。私企的经营情况良好,也应积极加强社会责任意识,树立企业的良好形象,提高企业的外部经营环境。从上面的柱状图可以看出在 CSR 报告中披露慈善和社会公益方面,东北地区私企上市公司数目有上升的趋势,体现私企的社会责任心不断的增强。但是在私企中所占的比例偏低,希望私企上市公司积极参加社会投资,回馈社会。

(二)基于行业差异的慈善行为分析

行业不同的企业发展状况就有所不同,在履行社会责任意识就有差异。即上市企业在参加公益慈善方面表现在各个行业有差别。在下面的饼状图,表明近 5 年基于行业差异的慈善公益行为特点。东北地区上市公司发布社会责任报告中在捐资助学,扶贫济困等慈善和积极参加社会公益方面为社会做贡献,有接近 70% 是工业和制造业,公共事业和医药生物行业各占 10% 左右,农林牧渔业占 8% 左右,剩下的属于其他行业。由于东北地区是重工业区,上市企业中工业和制造业占很大的比例,所履行的社会责任表现也好于其他行业。

4-7 东北地区慈善和公益事业在各个行业的比例图

数据来源:新浪财经网

东北地区是重工业地区,工业和制造业行业中 CSR 报告披露慈善和公益事业数目很多。但是在近 5 年东北地区 上市企业各个行业中并不是工业和制造业积极发布 CSR 报告,而是公用事业和农农林牧渔业更加积极参加社会投资,公用事业 责任心比较强,希望其他行业也要向其学习,多积极做社会慈善和加强社会责任心。 2016 年工业和制造业在参加慈善公益方面积极性有大幅度提升,希望继续保持该良好势头, 有利于东北地区更加和谐健康的发展。

4-8 东北地区各个行业中慈善和公益事业比例条形图

数据来源:新浪财经网

(三)基于区域差异的慈善行为分析

区域经济发展差异也直接影响该地区上市企业参加慈善和社会公益。从下图饼状图可以看出,近 5 年辽宁省的上市企业社会投资方面在东北地区一直处于领先地位,吉林省紧追其后,黑龙江省和内蒙古在该方面做的就比较差。

4-9 东北地区慈善和公益事业比例图

数据来源:新浪财经网

下面 4 个折线图为 4 个省份不同行业在最近 5 年在 CSR 报告中公布慈善和公益事业的变化趋势,可以看出黑龙江省的各个行业上市企业发布 CSR 慈善公益事业变化趋势,制造业、公用事业和其他行业在 2013 2014 年下降之外均呈现上升趋势,农林牧渔业和医药行业变化不是很明显。吉林省的制造业和其他行业在 2013 2014 年下降之外均呈现上升趋势,公用事业、农林牧渔业和医药行业变化不是很明显。辽宁省和内蒙古上市公司中制造业和医药行业的慈善和公益事业呈现稳步的上升趋势。除了制造业和医药行业外其他行业基数比较小,呈现不变的趋势。

4-10 各个行业慈善和公益事业变化趋势图

数据来源:新浪财经网

东北地区上市企业所有制不同,企业所属行业差异和区域差异在慈善公益捐赠方面存在一定差异。通过对东北上市企业慈善公益事业的调查发现,上市企业慈善捐赠在国企和非国企中不同,国企企业慈善捐赠明显高于私企企业,这充分 体现了国企企业社会责任意识比私企强。国企企业应该继续在履行社会责任起到带头重要。最近几年国企和私企上市企业慈善和公益事业的企业数目呈现上升的趋势,其中国企企业达到 46 家,私企企业达到 35 家。在东北地区不同行业企业慈善公益捐赠差异还是很大的,比例比较高的有制造业占 40% 多,医药行业占 11% ,农林牧渔业占 6% 和公用事业占 9% ,其他行业所占比例很小。东北地区作为工业基地,制造业行业的上市企业数目比较多和其他行业比较少,所以在公益慈善捐赠占据将近一半的比例。在不同区域上市企业慈善公益也存在着差异,辽宁省在东北地区处于领先地位,黑龙江省和吉林省差异不是很大,稍微落后于辽宁省,内蒙古地区比较落后。从上面的数据分析可以看出,东北地区上市企业慈善公益事业朝着好的方面发展,呈现着上升的趋势。上市企业积极参加慈善公益事业的意识不断加强,为东北地区的和谐发展做贡献。各个行业中,制造业在慈善事业一直领先于其他行业,但是积极性却不如公用事业行业。东北地区作为工业基地,制造业行业慈善公益积极性提高也将会很好带动其他行业慈善事业的发展。总的来说,东北地区上市企业慈善公益事业朝着好的方向发展。

三、总结

企业慈善可以促进了社会慈善事业的发展,整合了社区资源促进社区发展,还可以在更为广阔的社会系统中表达了“关爱与和谐”的理想与信念。企业的慈善行为对企业也是有所回报,首先企业慈善有利于提升企业形象。其次企业慈善有力提高销售业绩,最后企业慈善有力加强企业内部凝聚力。近 5 年,东北地区上市企业参加社会慈善公益项目的数量有上升的趋势。但是相比于 北京、上海、广州等企业社会责任 报告中披露慈善公益 还是有很大的差距,希望东北地区各大上市公司加强社会责任心,多做社会慈善公益,促进东北地区更加和谐发展。

 

第五部分   东北地区慈善发展展望

2016 年,随着 中国 首部《慈善法》的正式实施,中国慈善事业的发展取得 了更为瞩目的成就。在此背景下, 东北各省区积极开展社会慈善事业 ,取得了丰硕的成果。区域性慈善法律法规和行政规章相继出台,慈善事业发展更加正规化、法制化。在传统慈善领域,东北地区慈善机构数量和捐赠数额不断增加,慈善机构服务领域和组织形态日渐丰富,志愿者规模不断扩大。在传统慈善快速发展的同时,东北地区也积极融入慈善创新的潮流,慈善组织和民众的互联网慈善参与度不断提高,慈善创投平台日趋完善,孵化和培育优秀青年社会组织数量不断增加,当前,东北各省市 在积极筹措开展慈善信托事业。

慈善只有进行时,没有完成时。慈善事业发展 所处的经济社会背景不断变化,当前东北地区经济下行压力增加。 面临经济发展新常态,东北经济正在探索转型升级新出路。在此背景下,收入不均衡、马太效应、人口老龄化等社会问题不断凸显,社会对慈善的需求不断加大,因此东北地区慈善事业发展也面临着许多新的挑战,需要各方加大对慈善事业的关注力度与参与力度。同时,在公益创新潮流下,东北地区的互联网慈善发展与东部省份仍存较大差距,慈善信托仍未有项目真正落实,公益创投的需求日益增加,如何把握创新型公益,在新潮流中激流勇进的发展,成为了今后东北地区慈善事业发展必须解决的问题。

立足 2016 东北地区 慈善事业取得的丰收成果和发展经验, 我们预计 2017 年东北地区 慈善事业将在以下几方面取得新突破。

一、 慈善法 全面实施将推动 东北地区 各部门创制配套措施

   2016 年是 慈善法 布实施的第一年。 2017 年,为更好地贯彻落实慈善法,各级政府将加强慈善法相关配套政策的制定补充。在中央层面,年度报告等其他与慈善组织密切相关的政策规定将预计公布实施。此外,为了配合慈善法的实施,在直接登记和登记权限下放总体理念的指导下,民政部于 2016 年修订了基金会、社会团体和社会服务机构(民办非企业单位)三大条例并向社会征求意见,三大条例有望于 2017 年公布和正式实施。

随着中央政策的明确,地方政府在慈善法配套措施,尤其在慈善组织认定、 登记、公开募捐、慈善信托设立、年报、评估等方面的具体执行操作,将加强政策制定力度,慈善法的执行将进入一个适应磨合阶段。同时,普及大慈善理念、

社会组织数量将持续稳步增长  

   2016 年,东北地区各级政府继续深化社会组织参与社会治理,扩大社会组织参与公共服务的范围,如教育、残疾预防、帮教刑满释放人员、创业创新服务、城市治理、农村社区建设、文物保护、广播电视、标准化体系建设、专业技术人员水平评价类职业资格认定等领域。

   在社会组织广泛参与公共服务的趋势下,以及随着三大条例的修订出台和慈善组织具体登记政策的完善, 2017 年,东北地区社会组织总量将保持持续稳定的增长。未来基金会的定位偏向资助型,而非自己运作慈善项目,社会服务机构则将承担更多的项目执行和社会服务的职能,并继续保持拉动社会组织数量增长的主导地位。

  此外,在慈善法配套政策不断完善、慈善组织的相关权利义务逐渐明确的背景下,将有更多组织理性选择是否成为慈善组织。慈善组织的数量也将呈现稳步增长。

慈善与金融创新呈现加快融合态势

在公益金融上, 2017 年公益机构使用金融工具进行公益资产的保值增值将会成为重要趋势。服务于基金会保值增值的金融机构和产品数量会增加。通过金融工具来实现公益资产的保值增值会成为未来基金会运作的重要内容。但如何积极、稳健的进行投资,将会是 2017 年决定东北地区公益金融发展的关键。

  慈善信托已经成为我国慈善公益事业发展中的一个新热点。截止 2016 年底,全国已设立的 22 单慈善信托项目备案地均不在 东北三省一区,但目前已经有社会组织、信托公司等将该业务纳入企业未来的发展战略之一。慈善信托机制的灵活性和弹性受到了不少捐赠者和慈善组织的欢迎。很多公益领域的参与者正开始了解慈善信托,并尝试慈善信托的各种模式,试图通过该机制撬动更多的社会资 源,让这些资源发挥更大的慈善作用。

   2017 年,慈善信托相关配套激励政策的完善和实践的进一步探索将同时进行。随着税收优惠、慈善组织受托人资格等影响慈善信托发展的关键问题的解决,慈善信托将会成为慈善的新模式,在未来得到大力发展,并最终发展成为东北地区慈善公益行业的一个重要组成部分和增长点。

慈善与 技术创新 呈现深度合作

2017 年,技术创新、金融创新与社会创新的融合将继续加快。由技术创新和社会创新结合带来的“互联网 + 公益”的潮流将会继续催生一批具有社会公共服务平台属性的企业以及活跃在这些平台上的微型社会企业。社会企业将会继续深入到社会服务的各个领域。随着东北地区各级政府采购服务力度加大,社会企业的范畴将突破传统的公益组织的界限,包括社会福利企业、环保企业、养老产业等都将会进入社会企业的范畴。

五、慈善创新呈现“泛时尚化”和“泛娱乐化”趋势

随着互联网的普及,在“互联网 + ”时代 慈善公益也呈现出了“泛时尚化”的趋势。具体表现在,公益慈善的形式已经不局限于传统的捐赠、基金会筹款、慈善晚会募捐等传统形式,借助互联网的发展,明星活动慈善、名人个人慈善基金、路演筹款、时尚活动筹款、品牌活动慈善等各种形式日益发展,丰富了慈善的形式,并拓展了资金来源。

慈善文化建设将成为着力点

The most important thing is not charitable action, but rather charitable values. 2017, with the publicity and charity law in China, the more charitable organizations concerned with charity culture of research, extension, northeast China philanthropy will be more attention to strengthening the concept of public charity, charitable habits, will further improve the system of volunteer service . Socialist concept of charity has long been the Northeast and warm spirit of generosity will be further promoted. On the basis of the cultivation and practice the socialist core values on to pursue true love, charity, benevolence those who love, justification by faith, the unity of knowledge, loyalty and dedication of the values of charity, so that the inside of the socialist core values in mind, outside of the line, providing long-lasting mental strength to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream. Northeast China rapid development charity depends on charitable philosophy rooted in public, charitable and cultural shaping.

Philanthropy is a great and noble cause, under the new situation of building a harmonious society, the importance of philanthropy has become increasingly prominent, in poor economic difficulties, help vulnerable groups, maintaining social equity and stability play an increasing effect. Northeastern provinces will further study the scientific concept of development, seize opportunities for development of philanthropy, charity and constantly update the concept, improve fund-raising and donor ability, solid depth to carry out charitable activities, and make greater contributions to construct a harmonious northeast !

1 1

 


[1] by the National People's Congress of the Fourth Session of March 16, 2016 by , from September 1, 2016 came into effect. - Editor's Note

[2] Northeast region traditionally includes the Northeast and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, five Union City, from the overall point of view, this article contains the entire Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

[3] [3] Source: Mukden Cultural Network: http://wenhua.syd.com.cn/system/2016/03/28/011023934.shtml